13. What were Piso"s instructions, and how did he execute them?
14. How did Germanicus act on the occasion?
15. Did Piso persevere in his base attempts?
16. Was Germanicus aware of their design?
17. What happened on his return?
18. Repeat his speech on his death-bed.
19. What farther pa.s.sed on this occasion?
20. Was his untimely end lamented?
21. Who incurred the popular hatred on this occasion?
22. How was this increased?
23. What honours were paid her?
24. Was the tyrant"s vile agent rewarded for his services?
25. What was the issue?
26. How did Tiberius conduct himself after this?
27. Who was his prime minister?
SECTION IV.
Some ask for envied power; which public hate Pursues, and hurries headlong to their fate; Down go the t.i.tles; and the statue crowned, Is by base hands in the next river drowned.--_Juvenal_.
1. Seja"nus began his administration by using all his address to persuade Tiberius to retire to some agreeable retreat, remote from Rome; from this he expected many advantages, since there could be no access to the emperor but through him. 2. The emperor, either prevailed upon by his persuasions, or pursuing the natural turn of his temper, left Rome and went into Campa"nia, under pretence of dedicating temples to Ju"piter and Augustus. Growing weary, however, of places where mankind might follow him with their complaints and distresses, he withdrew himself into the delightful island of Ca"preae; and buried in this retreat, gave himself up to abandoned pleasures, regardless of the miseries of his subjects. 3. From this time he became more cruel, and Seja"nus increased his distrusts. Secret spies and informers were placed in all parts of the city, who converted the most harmless actions into subjects of offence. 4. In consequence of this, Ne"ro and Dru"sus, the children of German"icus, were declared enemies to the state, and afterwards starved to death in prison; while Agrippi"na, their mother, was sent into banishment. Sabi"nus, Asin"ius, Gal"lus, and Syria"eus, were, upon slight pretences, condemned and executed. 5. In this manner Seja"nus proceeded, removing all who stood between him and the empire; and every day increasing his confidence with Tibe"rius, and his power with the senate. The number of his statues exceeded even those of the emperor; people swore by his fortune, in the same manner as they would have done had he been upon the throne; and he was more dreaded than even the tyrant who actually enjoyed the empire. 6. But the rapidity of his rise seemed only preparatory to the greatness of his downfall. All we know of his first disgrace with the emperor is, that Sati"rus Secun"dus was the man who had the boldness to accuse him of treason; and Anto"nia, the mother of German"icus, seconded the accusation. 7. The senate, who had long been jealous of his power, and dreaded his cruelty, immediately took this opportunity of going beyond the orders of Tibe"rius; instead of sentencing him to imprisonment, they directed his execution.[11] 8.
Whilst he was conducting to his fate, the people loaded him with insult and execration; pursued him with sarcastic reproaches; and threw down his statues. He himself was strangled by the executioner.
9. His death only lighted up the emperor"s rage for farther executions. Planci"na, the wife of Pi"so, and others, were put to death for being attached to Seja"nus. He began to grow weary of single executions, and gave orders that all the accused should be put to death together, without further examination. The whole city was, in consequence, filled with slaughter and mourning. 10. When one Carnu"lius killed himself, to avoid the torture, "Ah!" cried Tibe"rius, "how has that man been able to escape me!" When a prisoner had earnestly entreated that he would not defer his death: "Know,"
said the tyrant, "I am not sufficiently your friend to shorten your torments."
11. In this manner he lived, odious to the world, and troublesome to himself; an enemy to the lives of others, a tormentor of his own.[12]
At length, in the 22d year of his reign, he began to feel the approaches of dissolution, and his appet.i.te totally forsook him. 12.
He now, therefore, found it was time to think of a successor, and fixed upon Calig"ula:[13] willing, perhaps, by the enormity of Calig"ula"s conduct, with which he was well acquainted, to lessen the obloquy of his own.
13. Still, however, he seemed desirous to avoid his end; and strove, by change of place, to cut off the inquietude of his own reflections.
He left his favourite island, and went upon the continent; and at last, fixed at the promontory of Mise"num.[14] There he fell into faintings, which all believed to be fatal. 14. Calig"ula supposing him actually dead, caused himself to be acknowledged by the Praetorian soldiers,[15] and went forth from the emperor"s apartment amidst the applauses of the mult.i.tude; when, all of a sudden, he was informed that the emperor was likely to recover. 15. This unexpected account filled the whole court with terror and alarm; every one who had before been earnestly testifying his joy, now rea.s.sumed his pretended sorrow, and forsook the new emperor, through a feigned solicitude for the fate of the old. 16, Calig"ula seemed thunderstruck; he preserved a gloomy silence, expecting nothing but death, instead of the empire at which he aspired. 17. Marco, however, who was hardened in crimes, ordered that the dying emperor should be despatched, by smothering him with pillows; or, as some will have it, by poison. Thus died Tibe"rius in the seventy-eighth year of his age, after reigning twenty-two years.
[Sidenote: U.C. 780 A.D. 37.]
18. It was in the eighteenth year of this emperor"s reign that Christ, (after having spent two years in the public ministry, instructing the mult.i.tude in the way of salvation,) was crucified; as if the universal depravity of mankind wanted no less a sacrifice than this to reclaim them. Pi"late sent to Tibe"rius an account of Christ"s pa.s.sion, resurrection, and miracles, and the emperor made a report of the whole to the senate, desiring that Christ might be accounted a G.o.d by the Romans. 19. But the senate, displeased that the proposal had not come first from themselves, refused to allow of his apotheosis; alleging an ancient law, which gave them the superintendence in all matters of religion. They even went so far as to command, by an edict, that all Christians should leave the city; but Tibe"rius, by another edict, threatened death to such as should accuse them; by which means they continued unmolested during the rest of his reign.
20. The vices of Calig"ula were concealed under the appearance of virtue in the beginning of his reign. In less than eight months, however, every trace of moderation and clemency vanished; while furious pa.s.sions, unexampled avarice, and capricious cruelty, reigned uncontrolled; and pride, impiety, l.u.s.t, and avarice, appeared in all their native deformity.
21. Calig"ula"s pride first appeared in his a.s.suming to himself the t.i.tle of ruler; which was usually granted only to kings. He would also have taken the crown and diadem, had he not been advised, that he was already superior to all the monarchs of the world. 22. Not long after he a.s.sumed divine honours, and gave himself the names of such divinities as he thought most agreeable to his nature. For this purpose he caused the heads of the statues of Jupiter, and some other G.o.ds, to be struck off, and his own to be put in their places. He frequently seated himself between Castor and Pollux, and ordered that all who came to this temple to worship should pay their adorations only to himself. 23. However, such was the extravagant inconsistency of this unaccountable idiot, that he changed his divinity as often as he changed his clothes; being at one time a male deity, at another a female; sometimes Jupiter or Mars; and not unfrequently Venus or Diana. 24. He even built and dedicated a temple to his own divinity, in which his statue of gold was every day dressed in robes similar to those which he himself wore, and worshipped by crowds of adorers.
His priests were numerous; the sacrifices made to him were of the most exquisite delicacies that could be procured; and the dignity of the priesthood was sought by the most opulent men of the city. However, he admitted his wife and his horse to that honour; and to give a finishing stroke to his absurdities, became a priest to himself. 25.
His method of a.s.suming the manners of a deity was not less ridiculous; he often went out at full moon, and courted it in the style of a lover. He employed many inventions to imitate thunder, and would frequently defy Jupiter, crying out with a speech of Homer, "Do you conquer me, or I will conquer you." He frequently pretended to converse in whispers with the statue of Jupiter, and usually seemed angry at its replies, threatening to send it back into Greece, whence it came. Sometimes, however, he would a.s.sume a better temper, and seem contented that Jupiter and he should dwell together in amity.
26. Of all his vices, prodigality was the most remarkable, and that which in some measure gave rise to the rest. The luxuries of former emperors were simplicity itself when compared to those which he practised. He contrived new ways of bathing, when the richest oils and most precious perfumes were lavished with the utmost profusion. His luxuries of the table were of immense value, and even jewels, as we are told, were dissolved in his sauces. He sometimes had services of pure gold presented before his guests, instead of meat, observing that a man should be an economist or an emperor.
27. The manner in which he maintained his horse will give some idea of his domestic extravagance. He built a stable of marble, and a manger of ivory; and whenever the animal, which he called Incita"tus, was to run in the race, he placed sentinels near its stable, the night preceding, to prevent its slumbers from being broken.[16]
_Questions for Examination._
1. What was the first measure of Seja.n.u.s?
2. Did the emperor yield to his persuasions?
3. What consequences ensued from this measure?
4. Who were the first sufferers?
5. Did Seja.n.u.s increase his influence?
6. Was this elevation permanent?
7. To what punishment was he condemned?
8. What occurred at his execution?
9. Was this the only victim to the cruelty of Tiberius?
10. How did Tiberius aggravate his cruelties?
11. Did these cruelties long continue?
12. How did he act on this?
13. Was he resigned to his fate?
14. What followed on this?
15. How was this news received?
16. Did Caligula boldly meet the consequences?
17. How was this averted?
18. What highly remarkable event happened in this reign?