which was being hurled at him--
as a citizen of France.
One must read his correspondence to fully appreciate Priestley during the early days of 1799. What must have been his mental condition when he wrote Lindsey--
As to a public violent death the idea of that does not affect me near so much
and
I cannot express what I feel when I receive and read your letters.
I generally shed many tears over them.
There was no a.s.surance in financial and commercial circles. The hopes of neither the more sober, nor of the wild and fanatic reformers of humanity could be realized, and they got into such a war of hate and abuse that they themselves stamped their doctrines false.
Priestley was out of patience with the public measures of the country.
He disliked them as much as he did those of England, but added
Here the excellence of the Const.i.tution provides a remedy, if the people will make use of it, and if not, they deserve what they suffer.
The Const.i.tution was a favorite instrument with him. A most interesting lecture upon it will be found among the _Discourses_ which he proposed delivering in Philadelphia. This never occurred.
The Academy he expected to see in operation failed for support. The walls were raised and he feared it would go no further. The Legislature had voted it $3000, but the Senate negatived this act. He thought of giving up the presidency of it.
He wrote Dr. Rush that he was quite busy with replies to Dr. Woodhouse"s attack on his confirmation of the existence of phlogiston, (p. 88). He relished his discussions with Woodhouse and was confident that eventually he would "overturn the French system of chemistry." He further remarked to Rush--
Were you at liberty to make an excursion as far as these _back woods_ I shall be happy to see you, and so would many others.
But at that particular moment Rush was too much engaged in combating yellow fever, which again ravaged Philadelphia, and all who could, fled, and the streets were "lifeless and dead." The prevalence of this fearful plague was a potent factor in Priestley"s failure to visit the City during the year--the last year of a closing Century which did not end in the prosperity antic.i.p.ated for it in the hopeful months and years following the war. It seemed, in many ways, to be the end of an era.
Washington died December 14, 1799, and the Federalists" tenure of power was coming to a close. The Jeffersonians, aided by eight of the electoral votes of Pennsylvania, won the victory, amid outbursts of unprecedented political bitterness. It was, therefore, very wise that the Doctor remained quietly at home in Northumberland with his experiments and Church History.
The new Century--the 19th--found our beloved philosopher at times quite proud of the success he had with his experiments and full of genuine hope that "phlogiston" was established; and again dejected because of the "coa.r.s.e and low articles" directed against him by the prints of the day. To offset, in a measure, the distrust entertained for him because of the "intercepted letters" he addressed a series of _Letters_ to the inhabitants of Northumberland and vicinity. These were explanatory of his views. At home they were most satisfying but in the city they brought upon him "more abuse." And, so, he translated a pa.s.sage from Petrarch which read--
By civil fueds exiled my native home, Resign"d, though injured, hither I have come.
Here, groves and streams, delights of rural ease; Yet, where the a.s.sociates, wont to serve and please; The aspect bland, that bade the heart confide?
Absent from these, e"en here, no joys abide.
And these were incorporated in his brochure.
Having alluded to the _Letters_ addressed to the Northumberland folks, it may be proper to introduce a letter which Priestley received from Mr.
Jefferson, whom the former was disposed to hold as "in many respects the first man in this Country:"
Philadelphia, Jan. 18, 1800.
Dear Sir--
I thank you for the pamphlets (Letters) you were so kind as to send me. You will know what I thought of them by my having before sent a dozen sets to Virginia, to distribute among my friends; yet I thank you not the less for these, which I value the more as they came from yourself.
The papers of Political Arithmetic, both in yours and Mr. Cooper"s pamphlets, are the most precious gifts that can be made to us; for we are running navigation-mad, and commerce-mad, and Navy-mad, which is worst of all. How desirable it is that you should pursue that subject for us. From the porcupines of our country you will receive no thanks, but the great ma.s.s of our nation will edify, and thank you.
How deeply have I been chagrined and mortified at the persecutions which fanaticism and monarchy have excited against you, even here!
At first, I believed it was merely a continuance of the English persecution; but I observe that, on the demise of Porcupine, and the division of his inheritance between Fenno and Brown, the latter (though succeeding only to the Federal portion of Porcupinism, not the Anglican, which is Fenno"s part) serves up for the palate of his sect dishes of abuse against you as high-seasoned as Porcupine"s were. You have sinned against Church and King, and therefore can never be forgiven. How sincerely I have regretted that your friend, before he fixed a choice of position, did not visit the valleys on each side of the blue range in Virginia, as Mr. Madison and myself so much wished. You would have found there equal soil, the finest climate, and the most healthy air on the earth, the homage of universal reverence and love, and the power of the country spread over you as a shield; but, since you would not make it your Country by adoption, you must now do it by your good offices.
Mr. Livingston, the Chancellor of New York, so approved the "Letters"
that he got a new edition of them printed at Albany.
The following letter to this same gentleman, although upon another subject than the "Letters" is not devoid of interest. It has come into the writer"s hands through the kind offices of Dr. Thomas L. Montgomery, State Librarian of Pennsylvania:
Sir,
I think myself much honoured by your letter, and should have thought myself singularly happy if my situation had been near to such a person as you. Persons engaged in scientific pursuits are few in this country. Indeed, they are not very numerous anywhere.
In other respects I think myself very happy where I am.
I have never given much attention to machines of any kind, and therefore cannot pretend to decide concerning your proposal for the improvement of the fire engine. It appears to me to deserve attention. But I do not for want of a drawing see in what manner the steam is to be let into the cylinder, or discharged from it.
There would be, I fear, an objection to it from the force necessary to raise the column of mercury, and from the evaporation of the mercury in the requisite heat. I have found that it loses weight in 70 Fahrenheit. If the mercury was pure, I should not apprehend much from the calcination of it, though, as I have observed, the agitation of it in water, converts a part of it into a black powder, which I propose to examine farther.
If travelling was attended with no fewer inconveniences here than it is in England, I should certainly wait upon you and some other friends at New York. But this, and my age, render it impossible, and it would be unreasonable to expect many visitors in this _back woods_.
I shall be very happy to be favoured with your correspondence, and am,
Sir,
Yours sincerely,
J. PRIESTLEY
Northumberland April 16, 1799.
In this period Thomas Cooper was convicted of libel. He was thrown into prison. Priestley regarded him as a rising man in the Country.[7] He said the act was the last blow of the Federal party "which is now broke up."
Priestley"s daughter, in England, was ill at this time. Her life was despaired of and tidings from her were few and most distressing, but the Doctor maintained a quiet and calm a.s.surance of her recovery.
Subsequent correspondence between Mr. Jefferson and Priestley had much in it about the new College which the former contemplated for the State of Virginia. Indeed, the thought was entertained that Priestley himself might become a professor in it, but his advanced age, he contended forbade this, although he was agreeable to the idea of getting professors from Europe.
Here, perhaps, may well be included several letters, now in possession of the Library of Congress, which reveal the att.i.tude of Dr. Priestley toward President Jefferson, who was indeed most friendly to him:
Dear Sir--
I am flattered by your thinking so favourably of my _pamphlets_, which were only calculated to give some satisfaction to my suspicious neighbours. Chancellor Livingston informs me that he has got an edition of them printed at Albany, for the information of the people in the back country, where, he says, it is so much wanted. Indeed, it seems extraordinary, that in such a country as this, where there is no court to dazzle men"s eyes a maxim as plain as that 2 and 2 make 4 should not be understood, and acted upon. It is evident that the bulk of mankind are governed by something very different from reasoning and argument. This principle must have its influence even in your Congress, for if the members are not convinced by the excellent speeches of Mr.
Gallatin and Nicolas, neither would they be persuaded tho one should rise from the dead.
It is true that I had more to do with colleges, and places of education, than most men in Europe; but I would not pretend to advise in this country. I will, however, at my leisure, propose such _hints_ as shall occur to me; and if you want tutors from England, I can recommend some very good ones. Were I a few years younger, and more moveable, I should make interest for some appointment in your inst.i.tution myself; but age and inactivity are fast approaching, and I am so fixed here, that a remove is absolutely impossible, unless you were possessed of _Aladin"s lamp_, and could transport my house, library, and laboratory, into Virginia without trouble or expense.
On my settlement here the gentlemen in the neighbourhood, thinking to make me of some use, set on foot a college, of which I gave them the plan, and they got it incorporated, and made me the president; but tho I proposed to give lectures _gratis_, and had the disposal of a valuable library at the decease of a learned friend (new, near so), and had it in my power to render them important service in various ways, yet, owing I suspect, in part at least, to religious and political prejudices, nothing more has been done, besides marking the site of a building these five years, so that I have told them I shall resign.
I much wish to have some conversation with you on social subjects; but I cannot expect that the Vice President of the United States should visit me in my _shed_ at Northumberland, and I cannot come to you. I intended on my settling here to have spent a month or so every winter at Philadelphia, but the state of the times, and various accidents, have a little deranged my finances, and I prefer to spend what I can spare on my experiments, and publication, rather than in travelling and seeing my friends.
With the greatest respect, I am, Dear Sir, Yours sincerely, J. PRIESTLEY.
Northumberland Jan. 30, 1800.