Favorable Maternal Influences.--Every now and then a sensational newspaper has an article on how mothers will tend to make their children physically handsomer by gazing at beautiful works of art, beautiful scenes in nature, and seeing only handsome (one feels like inserting well-dressed in the category, also) people during pregnancy.
The reading of good books {466} containing moral lessons of the highest quality are supposed to have something of the same influence on the child"s character. There is no doubt at all that the more carefully and simply and beautifully and healthily the mother lives, and the more her mind possesses itself in peace and happiness, the better will be her own nutrition and consequently that of her offspring, and, all things considered, this will contribute to the perfection of the infant"s body and so give the best instrument for the expression of its soul. That these supposed favorable influences have any more direct power than this over the state of the infant that is to be is doubtful. It is worth trying for, but if the indefinite influence for good emphasizes, as it apparently does in many minds, the presumed direct and definite influence for evil, then it is not worth dwelling on.
Etiology of Deformities.--But if these curious deformities and markings are not due to maternal impressions, what, then, is their cause? To the question for many of the minor marks and slight deformities--naevi vascular and pigmentary, extra fingers, slight overgrowths, special peculiarities of bone and soft tissues--no satisfactory answer can be given. We must simply say that as yet we do not know. It is a good thing to say we do not know. Long ago Roger Bacon declared that the princ.i.p.al reason why man did not advance in knowledge more in spite of the amount of their work was that they were afraid to say "I do not know," and accepted inadequate reasons and insufficient authority in order to avoid this humiliating expression.
On the other hand, there are many deformities and markings, the reasons for which have been found, and the more important they are the more we know about them, as a rule. Besides, with the advance of our knowledge of embryology we are getting to know more and more about these difficult problems and many things that were mysteries before are now clear. In addition to observation we have experiment and this is making observation more thoroughly scientific.
The more we know of the intricacies of the development of animals and human beings, the greater is our surprise that deformities do not occur even more commonly than they do. All the openings of the human as of the animal body gradually close in with the production of the finished form. The slightest interference with growth in the neighborhood of these openings, which involve nearly all of the front of the body, leaves various deformities. Nature has surrounded the developing embryo with fluid so that it is saved from jars of all kinds and from contact with other tissues that would disturb growth.
Cell is laid on cell as brick is laid on brick in the building of a house, and the predetermined plan in the immense majority of cases is followed without accident to the minutest detail. That more mishaps do not occur, considering the delicacy of the process and the perfection of the finished structure, is hard to understand.
There are many factors likely to intrude in every pregnancy that may lead to the production of unfortunate results. Literally millions of cells are growing with apparent freedom from constraint in many portions of the fetus, yet all are directed with definite purpose corresponding to other cells and are destined to meet in due course of time. Each one of them or at least each group seems to be independent in its growth. Each growing cell doubles by dividing every few hours, yet all are co-ordinated to a definite end. We admire the men who begin at the two ends of a tunnel far distant from one another and work without any communication except through the engineer"s plans {467} made long before, and yet make two bores that can be depended on to meet with but a few inches of divergence. The bridges of tissue that are built across the openings of the body jut out to meet one another in this way and in more than ninety-nine out of every one hundred cases there is not the slightest divergence. Many things may occur to disturb conditions--not connected with mental influences, but with distinctly physical factors--missteps, trips, jars on stairs or getting off and on cars, on the sidewalk, etc. These, and not the mythical factors that make up so-called maternal impressions, are the causes of deformities and mothers" marks.
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SECTION XII
_GENITO-URINARY DISEASES_
CHAPTER I
PROSTATISM
It may seem impossible to include prostatic hypertrophy, or the train of symptoms connected with it, among those affections likely to be benefited by mental treatment. The history of this affection, however, and especially of its treatment in recent years since it has come to be the subject of special study, has furnished many examples of the value of suggestion in the relief of many of its symptoms. Many forms of treatment have been exploited for a time, attracting attention because of the cures attributed to them, and have then been relegated to the limbo of unsuccessful remedial measures. A striking example of the place of suggestion came with the development of organo-therapy some fifteen years ago. The succession of events ill.u.s.trated well how much persuasion and a favorable att.i.tude of mind might mean even in so purely physical an affection as interference with urination by enlargement of the prostate.
It was at a time when thyroid medication for myxedema having proved successful the medical journals were full of reports of other successful phases of organo-therapy. The spleen and the bone marrow were being used in the anemias, the ductless glands in various nutritional diseases and even extract of heart for heart disease. Just on what general principle it was a.s.sumed by some German investigator that possibly extract of prostate from animals might be of benefit in the treatment of prostatic hypertrophy is hard to understand. The German physician, however, gave an order to the butcher to send him prostates and as furnished they were administered to the patients. A number of patients began at once to improve on the treatment. They were able to empty their bladders much better than before, the residual urine was decreased, the tendency to fermentation was diminished and, above all, the patients" general symptoms were much improved.
The success was so marked that the German investigator published his cases and, with the public mind interested in organotherapy, they attracted wide-spread attention. He was asked how to obtain the material and only then did he take the trouble to investigate just what the butcher had been sending him. The description furnished the butcher by the doctor was that he wanted an organ lying below and somewhat in front of the bladder of the bull. It was found on careful inquiry that the abattoir attendants following these directions had supplied not prostates but seminal vesicles. As soon as this was found out some of the therapeutic suggestions failed. A number of cases, {469} however, continued to improve. German medical journals made fun of the whole proceeding and most people will consider the ridicule deserved.
Shortly before this time, however, we had had a very similar experience with another pair of organs. In spite of the fact that whatever we know about Graves" disease would seem to indicate that that affection is due to an increased thyroid secretion in the system, at the time of the organo-therapeutic fads, thyroid extract was reported as having been used successfully in the treatment of this affection. The name signed to the report was that of a trustworthy English clinical observer. A few pract.i.tioners of medicine got similar results, but most of them failed entirely to get his successes and some of them were sure that their patients were rather harmed than helped by the new medication. An investigation of just what material was being employed in the English cases showed that the butcher was supplying thymus and not thyroid glands. Suggestion did the rest, for thymus has proved to be quite ineffective, and the treatment was entirely expectant but acted on a favorable state of mind. Anyone who has had much experience with Graves" disease knows how amenable to suggestion the patients are. It would seem evident from the foregoing story of organo-therapy for prostatic hypertrophy that sufferers from prostatism are probably as p.r.o.ne to suggestion as patients with Graves" disease. This is all the more surprising as the two affections are so different in their etiology. Graves" disease being undoubtedly a ductless gland disease, while prostatism is due entirely to mechanical obstruction.
We have abundant additional evidence of the role of psychotherapy in prostatism. Some years ago a well-known American surgeon suggested that removal of the t.e.s.t.i.c.l.es would reduce the enlarged prostates. And much improvement was seen after castration in those who previously suffered from prostatism. The subject was carefully studied.
Experiments were made on animals and the results seemed to prove that castration in them constantly produced prostatic atrophy. The fallacy probably came from the fact that at the time so little was known about the prostate in comparative anatomy and, above all, with regard to the prostate in dogs, that it was impossible to come to any sure conclusion as to reduction in weight and size after removal of the t.e.s.t.i.c.l.es. A number of prostatic cases were treated by different surgeons and with excellent results. Then after a time the number of supposed successes dwindled or proved to be failures and now no one does the operation. The only explanation that is at all satisfactory in these cases, is that the rest in the hospital, the favorable suggestion of reported cures and of an experimental demonstration on animals led many patients, some of them even physicians, to secure a better control over their bladders.
It took a good deal of persuasion as a rule to bring men, even men well beyond seventy, to consent to the sacrifice of their t.e.s.t.i.c.l.es, but once they did, the sacrifice brought a favorable suggestion to work and so it was not long before they were able to make their bladder act much more efficiently against the obstacles presented to its contraction. Some could be persuaded more easily to sacrifice a single t.e.s.t.i.c.l.e, but in these cases the mental influence was less and the reported cures fewer. After a time the operation of vasectomy was suggested as a subst.i.tute for the removal of the t.e.s.t.i.c.l.es. For a time even this in the hands of certain operators gave excellent results.
Almost any other operation in the genito-urinary tract performed with the definite persuasion {470} on the part of the patient that he would be better after it would probably have acted just as favorably. The whole story of these series of incidents in the surgery of the last decade of the nineteenth century ought to be a clear demonstration of how valuable for therapeutic purposes is mental influence oven in prostatism, and how much we should try to secure its favorable effects.
Unfavorable Suggestion.--Since enlargement of the prostate has become a familiar subject of discussion and men know and hear much about it every now and then, one has to rea.s.sure a man but little beyond fifty that he is not suffering from this affection. Just as soon as a man begins to urinate frequently during the day and to have to got up once at night he begins to wonder how soon he will be likely to suffer from further symptoms of enlarged prostate. If he is of the nervous kind his worrying will soon give him additional symptoms that will confirm his suspicions. Probably one of the most familiar of phenomena, even to the non-medical man, is the ease with which worry and excitement causes frequent urination. Probably no system of organs in the body is so likely to be disturbed by the mind as the urinary system with the exception, of course, of the allied tract, the genital system, but the two are so one in union and sympathy that they cannot be separated in practice. The prostate is rather a genital than a urinary organ.
_Urinary Worries_.--When a man begins to worry about the possibility of bother from enlarged prostate and recalls that frequent urination is one of the symptoms of it, it will not be long before this symptom develops. Occasionally his first wakings to urinate at night or in the early morning are only due to pa.s.sing conditions, either he drank freely shortly before bedtime or perhaps he did not drink enough. In the one case the bladder is rather full; in the other a concentrated urine, especially with the patient lying on his back, makes itself felt over the sensitive area at the base of the bladder, waking him up. The rest of the symptoms may develop as a consequence of solicitude over a few such incidents.
Practically all men who reach sixty have some tendency to more frequent urination than before. Their bladder does not hold as much fluid with comfort and they are likely to have to get up in the early morning. This does not necessarily mean any enlargement of the prostate nor any pathological change. The physiological change that takes place seems to be rather conservative than otherwise. Old muscles are less capable of extension and thorough reaction than they were earlier in life and in order that the bladder may not be over-distended nature makes it more sensitive than before.
_Emptying the Bladder_.--In the study of these cases individual peculiarities in the emptying of the bladder must be remembered. There are some men who cannot urinate if anyone is near them, and who even have to step into a closed toilet if they are to succeed in emptying their bladders when others are in the room. Some who find no difficulty in the presence of others in open urinals find it difficult or impossible to urinate when it is expected of them. Under worry and excitement urination may become urgent or imperative, but on the other hand some men find it very difficult to empty their bladders under an emotional strain. Now that much more is written publicly with regard to symptoms from enlarged prostate and much more is heard of the affection, many old men got worried and lose some of the power that they had over their bladder before, not so much because of their enlarged prostate as from the {471} psychic loss of control over their bladder. The viscus consists of a series of muscles, the fibres of which must be rather nicely coordinated and controlled in order to secure that complete contraction necessary for thorough emptying. A certain amount of residual urine occurs occasionally at least in many other persons besides those who have prostatic obstruction.
_The Question of Operation_.--In recent years there has been a tendency to suggest operation even on comparatively small prostates when symptoms referable to them are noted. Operations on the prostate have become much more easy and successful, and there has been the same sort of feeling about them among surgeons as there was when operations for affections, real or supposed, of the ovaries came into general vogue twenty years ago. I have seen patients in whom an operation for the removal of the prostate had been suggested, though the only symptoms were somewhat increased frequency of urination during the day and the necessity for rising two or three times at night. Such a suggestion, by calling the patient"s attention strongly to his condition, emphasizes the irritability of the vesical tissues and is almost sure to bring about a considerable increase in the symptoms.
The first principle of any treatment of irritability of the bladder should be the setting of the patient"s mind as free as possible from solicitude. Any over-attention is sure to lead to reflexes and often to what seems to be even imperative urination, though with a little care and discipline much can be done for the relief of such symptoms.
The necessity for operation must be judged entirely from the symptoms of the individual patient and not from any hard and fast rule with regard to the size of the prostate. Prostates are eminently individual organs, at least as individual as the human nose, and their projection into the r.e.c.t.u.m is dependent on the relations of other tissues in the neighborhood as well as on mere size. Men have been known to live with comparatively few or no symptoms for many years, though at autopsy they proved to have what would ordinarily be considered a pathologically enlarged prostate.
Operations upon the prostate are valuable and indeed often afford the only avenue of relief from an intolerable condition. The results are not so encouraging in all cases, however, as to make recourse to operation advisable until a thorough trial of palliative measures has been made. It is surprising how often the confident suggestion of a.s.sured relief when accompanied by the same amount of rest in bed and the special care that is required for an operation, brings about a disappearance of symptoms that seemed inevitably to demand surgical intervention. There may be much residual urine, there may even be, as a consequence of this, some fermentation with cyst.i.tis, and yet a course of rather simple remedial measures may serve to bring about a period of prolonged freedom from vesical symptoms. If these patients, however, have heard much of the trials and sufferings of a catheter life, the solicitude aroused with regard to their condition is sufficient of itself to disturb their urination to a marked degree.
Unfavorable suggestion is particularly serious in its effects in these cases, while favorable suggestion frequently repeated will enable the patient very often to regain bladder control when the developments present might seem to put that almost out of the question.
Position Suggestions.--An important suggestion for treatment in prostatism with residual urine seems to be to teach the patient to urinate lying down, {472} especially with the hips somewhat elevated.
This seems to be the element that proved capable of making many different operations, castration, the removal of one t.e.s.t.i.c.l.e, vasectomy, and other suggestions appear curative. My own experience is too limited to make my opinion of much weight; but I have seen certain patients greatly relieved of prostatic symptoms and their residual urine much diminished by the advice to urinate leaning well out of bed, lying p.r.o.ne with the head lower than the body. A small stool is brought to the side of the bed, a pillow placed on it and the patient leans over face down on this with the shoulders considerably lower than the pelvis. This allows gravity to a.s.sist rather than hamper the emptying of the bladder and after men have become a little used to it they are quite satisfied to take the trouble. Personally I feel sure that more generally applied this would put off the necessity for using a catheter a good deal and even save some cases from operation that now seem to need it. The principle is exactly the same as that by which patients suffering from bronchiectasis avail themselves of the help of gravity and get rid of the nocturnal acc.u.mulation of material in their dilated bronchi. They can thus be saved much trouble and exhausting effort.
So much, as we have said, is written in recent years with regard to prostatic symptoms that a body of unfavorable suggestion has been created. This must be neutralized as far as possible by calling the attention of patients who have initial symptoms of vesical disturbance to the ease with which mental influences act upon the urinary functions. Solicitude and anxiety will add to symptoms and may even bring about their continuance when the original, local and pa.s.sing condition which has caused them has ceased. Very often if the patient"s mind can be properly disposed a marked relief of symptoms will follow, especially if, at the same time, remedial measures of other kinds are employed to lessen the irritation that is being set up. While prostatism seems to be due to such purely mechanical difficulties that mental influences can mean very little, the history of the therapeutics of the condition for the last twenty years shows us clearly that if strong mental influences are aroused they bring so much relief that many patients consider themselves cured. This psychotherapy will not do away with the necessity for operation in many cases, but it will cure many of the sufferers from milder symptoms and will in not a few cases bring such relief as will prepare the patients to undergo operation, if it should be necessary, with more a.s.surance of favorable results.
CHAPTER II
s.e.xUAL NEUROSES
Anything that disturbs the s.e.xual sphere in either s.e.x, no matter how trivial it may be, becomes a source of worry and depression quite beyond its real importance. It is not unusual for men and women to become so worried over some trifling affection of their s.e.xual organs that they become convinced that serious pathological conditions are developing and that there is little hope of anything like a complete cure. This is particularly true of young patients, but holds also for those of older years. Slight discomforts are exaggerated into nagging aches and pains which produce extreme depression of spirits.
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It is important, then, for the physician to recognize this and to treat the patient"s mind by rea.s.surance while conducting whatever other therapeutics may be required. There is danger always in these cases of either making too little or too much of the affection. If too much is made of it, an unfavorable influence is produced in the patient"s mind and the discouragement leads to so much inhibition or even actual physical disturbance that the affection will not improve.
If too little is made of it, patients get discouraged and are p.r.o.ne to think that the physician does not understand their cases. Then they go to the advertising specialist in men"s diseases who works upon their fears and makes them feel much worse than before, though in the end he may lift the cloud of anxiety from their minds and pretend to have cured them. He always leaves them, however, with the impression that something serious has been the matter, and this acts as a nightmare and a source of dread in after time.
In men the unfavorable suggestions occur particularly as a consequence of affections of the external organs. In women the same suggestions are likely to make themselves felt with regard to the internal genital organs. We all recognize the exaggeration of feeling and even physical reaction that takes place with regard to slight s.e.xual ailments in the male, because it is easy to recognize just exactly what pathological conditions are present and how trivial they may be and yet produce serious depression and all kinds of symptoms, reflexly referred to many other organs. There is a tendency to listen to the complaints from women more seriously because the actual pathological condition cannot be determined and there is always the fear that some serious affection may be at work. It must not be forgotten, however, that the complaints of pains and aches, the disturbance of sleep, of digestion and of the intestinal function, the mental and physical la.s.situde and the over-reaction to irritation which occur in both s.e.xes as a consequence of s.e.xual affections may be due entirely to mental solicitude and not to any real pathological change.
Trivial Afflictions--Varicocele.--It is curious what a little thing will sometimes set off the explosion of a train of s.e.xual symptoms.
Every physician has probably had some young man come to him with the look and the tone that there was something the matter that he knew was serious and would affect all his after life. The patient then goes on to say that he wants to know all and is brave enough to face it, and, though he has lost sleep for two or three nights and is not looking well for the present moment because his health has been disturbed by the loss of sleep, still he has the strength to know the worst and it is to be told him and he will bravely battle on in spite of the suffering that must come. Or he will submit to a serious operation if it is necessary for his relief. With a prelude like this, the inexperienced physician might expect strangulated hernia or some preliminary symptoms of brain tumor, but what he usually finds is a varicocele, and a small one at that. By chance the patient has discovered it and slept none the following night, went round in an agony of dread next day meaning to go to a physician, but too fearful to be told the worst, losing another night"s sleep and then finally coming to a friend to be told all the ill that is in store for him.
There is no need for alarm in these cases; they merely ill.u.s.trate the role of the mind disturbing the body. Nearly one-fourth of the male world carries its {474} varicocele around with it and never bothers about it. A few sensitive individuals are annoyed by a sense of weight and a feeling of distention from congestion in connection with it. In a few, because of special pathological conditions or congenital defects, the varicocele becomes so large that it has to be supported by a special bandage. In people who ride horseback, in athletes, and those who indulge in severe exercise, this sort of a bandage may be necessary or at least may make the wearer more comfortable even in slighter forms of the affection. Severe cases may be much relieved by it.
On first discovery of his varicocele nearly every young man, because of concentration of attention on it, is so much annoyed that he thinks he must wear a bandage. After a time, however, he often finds that the bandage itself is a source of more annoyance than the varicocele, and then he learns to forget it and its feelings--and that is all about it.
I have dwelt on this succession of events that takes place so often with regard to varicocele, because it is typical of the effect that an affection of the s.e.xual organs has upon the mind. It exerts an unfavorable influence entirely disproportionate to the physical cause that is at work. If, as sometimes happens, a young man hesitates to confide in some one capable of undeceiving him with regard to the supposed significance of his affection, he may work himself into a decided nervous condition and lose much weight before he discovers his mistake. This physical running down confirms his exaggerated notion of the significance of the affection. He is sure that it const.i.tutes the reason why he is losing weight and declining in health and he rather congratulates himself on the fact that he discovered the cause so shortly before the serious effects began.
If under these conditions he places himself in the hands of any of the men who advertise themselves as curing "men"s diseases," or as relieving the "awful" symptoms that are likely to follow varicocele, instead of being rea.s.sured he will be told that he has come just in time and that while his cure will require a long time and will cost a great deal of money, yet it can surely be effected. In nothing can men or women be more easily imposed upon than with regard to affections involving their s.e.x organs. They lose their power of judgment and their control over their feelings and so plunge sometimes into profound depression. Every year we have a number of suicides among young men, the most important element in whose depression is due to unrelieved occupation of mind with the thought that they are suffering from some incurable s.e.xual disease which will uns.e.x them, and that even death is to be preferred to the alternative of being recognized generally--as they are sure they will be--as s.e.xual defectives.
As a rule, these young men are suffering from only some slight ailment that could be easily cured if they were frank about their state of mind and described their symptoms to a reputable physician. Oftener than not their supposed ailment is something so common as to be of no significance, so far as any serious results may possibly be antic.i.p.ated, and their only real ailment is the mental condition which has developed because of concentration of mind on this one phase of organic life and the consequent inevitable exaggeration of symptoms and feelings. It is sometimes not easy to disabuse them of their unfortunate notions, but there is probably no set of cases in medicine where psychotherapeutics means more than it does with regard to the curious {475} neurotic and psychic conditions which develop in those who are suffering from any s.e.xual ailment, real or imaginary.
Long Prepuce.--Much has been said in recent years about the influence of a long prepuce in the male in producing various reflexes the effects of which may be seen in serious disturbance of even distant organs. The kidneys are sometimes said to be thus reflexly affected, and occasionally the digestion and the bowels--even, sometimes, mental processes are said to be influenced unfavorably by the diffusion of reflexes from the irritation consequent upon this sensitive structure being too long. A whole system of nosology exists in some minds due to an over-long prepuce. There are, of course, cases in which circ.u.mcision should be performed. There is a larger number of others, however, in which the redundant prepuce is neither adherent nor constricted and is only slightly longer than it should be.
Occasionally something arouses the attention of the possessor of the redundant tissue and he gets the idea that it is the source of reflex irritation even for distant parts of his organism. It is an interesting study in suggestion to see how symptoms develop in various organs as a consequence of the cultivation of this thought. Urination becomes frequent, the patient even wakes at night to urinate and the urine, as in many neuroses, becomes more abundant and of lower specific gravity--the typical nervous urine of the hysterical, and there may be much worry and emotional disturbance.