16. Desertions are frequent among the regiments recruited on the Afghan frontier. These regiments did not exist in the author"s day.
17. An ordinance issued in France so late as 1778 required that a man should produce proof of four quarterings of n.o.bility before he could get a commission in the army. [W. H. S.]
18. "_Est et alia causa, cur attenuatae sint legiones_," says Vegetius. "Magnus in illis labor est militandi, graviora arma, sera munera, severior disciplila. Quod vitantes plerique, in auxiliis festinant militiae sacramenta percipere, ubi et minor sudor, et maturiora sunt premia." Lib._ II. _cap._ 3. [W. H. S.] Vegetius, according to Gibbon and his most recent editor (_recensuit Carolus Lang. Editio altera. Lipsiae, Teubner_, 1885), flourished during the reign of Valentinian III (A.D. 425-55). His "Soldier"s Pocket-book"
is ent.i.tled "Flavi Vegeti Renati Epitoma Rei Militaris".
"Montesquieu thought that "the Government had better have stuck to the old practice of slitting noses and cutting off ears, since the French soldiers, like the Roman dandies under Pompey, must necessarily have a greater dread of a disfigured face than of death.
It did not occur to him that France could retain her soldiers by other and better motives. See _Spirit of Laws_, book vi, chap. 12.
See _Necker on the Finances_, vol. ii, chap. 5; vol. iii, chap. 34. A day-labourer on the roads got fifteen sous a day; and a French soldier only six, at the very time that the mortality of an army of forty thousand men sent to the colonies was annually 13,333, or about one in three. In our native army the sepoy gets about double the wages of an ordinary day-labourer; and his duties, when well done, involve just enough of exercise to keep him in health. The casualties are perhaps about one in a hundred. [W. H. S.]
20. Just precisely what the French soldiers were after the revolution had purged France of all "the perilous stuff that weighed upon the heart" of its people. Gibbon, in considering the chance of the civilized nations of Europe ever being again overrun by the barbarians from the North, as in the time of the Romans, says: "If a savage conqueror should issue from the deserts of Tartary, he must repeatedly vanquish the robust peasantry of Russia, the numerous armies of Germany, the gallant n.o.bles of France, and the intrepid free men of Britain." Never was a more just, yet more unintended satire upon the state of a country. Russia was to depend upon her "robust peasantry"; Germany upon her "numerous armies"; England upon her "intrepid free men"; and poor France upon her "gallant n.o.bles"
alone; because, unhappily, no other part of her vast population was then ever thought of. When the hour of trial came, those pampered n.o.bles who had no feeling in common with the people were shaken off"
like dew-drops from the lion"s mane"; and the hitherto spurned peasantry of France, under the guidance and auspices of men who understood and appreciated them, astonished the world with their powers. [W. H. S.]
21. The allusion is to the now half-forgotten war with the United States in the years 1812-14, during the course of which the English captured the city of Washington, and the Americans gained some unexpected naval victories.
22. The author has already denounced the practice of impressment, _ante_, chapter 26, note 27.
23. "to" in the original edition.
24. See McCulloch, _Pol. Econ._, p. 235, 1st ed., Edinburgh, 1825.
[W. H. S.]
25. Many German princes adopted the discipline of Frederick in their little petty states, without exactly knowing why or wherefore. The Prince of Darmstadt conceived a great pa.s.sion for the military art; and when the weather would not permit him to worry his little army of five thousand men in the open air, he had them worried for his amus.e.m.e.nt under sheds. But he was soon obliged to build a wall round the town in which he drilled his soldiers for the sole purpose of preventing their running away--round this wall he had a regular chain of sentries to fire at the deserters. Mr. Moore thought that the discontent in this little band was greater than in the Prussian army, inasmuch as the soldiers saw no object but the prince"s amus.e.m.e.nt. A fight, or the prospect of a fight, would have been a feast to them.
[W. H. S.] It is hardly necessary to observe that the modern system of drill is widely different.
26. Speaking of the question whether recruits drawn from the country or the towns are best, Vegetius says: "_De qua parte numquam credo potuisse dubitari, aptiorem armis rusticam plebem, quae sub divo et in labore nutritur; solis patiens; umbrae negligens; balnearum nescia; delictarurum ignara; simplicis animi; parvo contenta; duratis ad omnem laborem membris; cui gestara ferrum, fossam ducere, onus ferre, consuetudo de rare est." (De Re Militari_, Lib. i, cap. 3.) [W. H. S.] The pa.s.sage quoted is disfigured by many misprints in the original edition.
27. As the Madras sepoys do.
28. The writing of the bulk of this work was completed in 1839. These concluding supplementary chapters on the Bengal army seem to have been written a little later, perhaps in 1841, the year in which they were first printed. The publication of the complete work took place in 1844. The Mutiny broke out in 1857, and proved that the fidelity of the sepoys could not be so easily a.s.sured as the author supposed.
29. I believe the native army to be better now than it ever was-- better in its disposition and in its organization. The men have now a better feeling of a.s.surance than they formerly had that all their rights will be secured to them by their European officers that all those officers are men of honour, though they have not all of them the same fellow feeling that their officers had with them in former days. This is because they have not the same opportunity of seeing their courage and fidelity tried in the same scenes of common danger.
Go to Afghanistan and China, and you will find the feeling between officers and men as fine as ever it was in days of yore, whatever it may be at our large and gay stations, where they see so little of each other. [W. H. S.] The author"s reputation for sagacity and discernment could not be made to rest upon the above remarks. His judgement was led astray by his lifelong a.s.sociation with and affection for the native troops. Lord William Bentinck took a far juster view of the situation, and understood far better the real nature of the ties which bind the native army to its masters. His admirable minute dated 13th March, 1835, published for the first time in Mr. D. Boulger"s well-written little book (_Lord William Bentinck_, "Rulers of India", pp. 177-201), is still worthy of study.
As a corrective to the author"s too effusive sentiment, some brief pa.s.sages from the Governor-General"s minute may be quoted. "In considering the question of internal danger," he observes, "those officers most conversant with Indian affairs who were examined before the Parliamentary Committee apprehend no danger to our dominion as long as we are a.s.sured of the fidelity of our native troops. To this opinion I entirely subscribe. But others again view in the native army itself the source of our greatest peril. In all ages the military body has been often the prime cause, but generally the instrument, of all revolutions; and proverbial almost as is the fidelity of the native soldier to the chief whom he serves, more especially when he is justly and kindly treated, still we cannot be blind to the fact that many of those ties which bind other armies to their allegiance are totally wanting in this. Here is no patriotism, no community of feeling as to religion or birthplace, no influencing attachment from high considerations, or great honours and rewards.
Our native army also is extremely ignorant, capable of the strongest religions excitement, and very sensitive to disrespect to their persona or infringement of their customs. . . . In the native army alone rests our internal danger, and this danger may involve our complete subversion. . . .
"All these facts and opinions seem to me to establish incontrovertibly that a large proportion of European troops is necessary for our security under all circ.u.mstances of peace and war.
"I believe the sepoys have never been so good as they were in the earliest part of our career; none superior to those under De Boigne.
. . I fearlessly p.r.o.nounce the Indian army to be the least efficient and most expensive in the world."
The events of 1857-9 proved the truth of Lord William Bentinck"s wise words. The native army is no longer inefficient as a whole, though certain sections of it may still be so, but the less that is said about the supposed affection of mercenary troops for a foreign government, the better.
30. Of course, all the military forces, British and Indian, are now alike the King"s. Each service has its own rules and regulations.
31. "General Baird had started from Bombay in the end of December 1800, but only arrived at Kossir, on the coast of Upper Egypt, on the 8th of June. In nine days, with a force of 6,400 British and native troops, he traversed 140 miles of desert to the Nile, and reached Cairo on 10th August with hardly any loss. The united force then marched down on Alexandria, and on 31st August Menou capitulated, and the whole French army evacuated Egypt." (Balfour, _Cyclopaedia_, 3rd ed., s.v. "Egypt.") The Indian native army again did brilliant service in the Egyptian campaign of 1882.
32. Great progress has been made in the task of lightening the miseries of European soldiers in India by the provision of innocent amus.e.m.e.nts. Lord Roberts, during his long tenure of the office of Commander-in-Chief, pre-eminently showed himself to be the soldier"s friend.
33. Their commanding officers say, as Pharaoh said to the Israelites, "Let there be more work laid upon them, that they may labour therein, and not enter into vain discourses." Life to such men becomes intolerable; and they either destroy themselves, or commit murder, that they may be taken to a distant court for trial. [W. H. S.] The quotation is from Exodus v. 9. The Authorized Version is, "Let there be more work laid upon the men, that they may labour therein; and let them not regard vain words."
34. See Livy, lib. ii, cap. 59. The infantry under Fabius had refused to conquer, that their general, whom they hated, might not triumph; but the whole army under Claudius, whom they had more cause to detest, not only refused to conquer, but determined to be conquered, that he might be involved in their disgrace. All the abilities of Lucullus, one of the ablest generals Rome ever had, were rendered almost useless by his disregard to the feelings of his soldiers. He could not perceive that the civil wars under Marius and Sylla had rendered a different treatment of Roman soldiers necessary to success in war. Pompey, his successor, a man of inferior military genius, succeeded much better because he had the sagacity to see that he now required not only the confidence but the affections of his soldiers.
Caesar to abilities even greater than those of Lucullus united the conciliatory spirit of Pompey [W. H. S.]
35. This curious incident, which is not mentioned by Thornton in the detailed account of the Nepalese War given in his twenty-fourth chapter, may be the failure of the 53rd Regiment to support General Gllespie in the attack on Kalanga, in 1814, not 1815 (Mill, Bk. II, chap. 1; vol. viii, p. 19, ed. 1858). The war was notable for the number of blunders and failures which marked its earlier stages.
36. Vegetius, _De Re Militari_, Lib. iii, cap. 4, If corporal punishment be retained at all, it should be limited to the two offences I have already mentioned; [W. H. S.] namely, (l) mutiny or gross insubordination, (2) plunder or violence in the field or on the march. (_Ante_, chapter 76, note 6.)
37. Polybius says that "as the human body is apt to get out of order under good feeding and little exercise, so are states and armies."
(Bk. II, chap. 6.)--Wherever food is cheap, and the air good, native regiments should be well exercised without being worried.
I must here take the liberty to give an extract from a letter from one of the best and most estimable officers now in the Bengal army: "As connected with the discipline of the native army, I may here remark that I have for some years past observed on the part of many otherwise excellent commanding officers a great want of attention to the instruction of the young European officers on first joining their regiments. I have had ample opportunities of seeing the great value of a regular course of instruction drill for at least six months.
When I joined my first regiment, which was about forty years ago, I had the good fortune to be under a commandant and adjutant who, happily for me and many others, attached great importance to this very necessary course of instruction, I then acquired a thorough knowledge of my duties, which led to my being appointed an adjutant very early in life. When I attained the rank of lieutenant-colonel I had, however, opportunities of observing how very much this essential duty had been neglected in certain regiments, and made it a rule in all that I commanded to keep all young officers on first joining at the instruction drill till thoroughly grounded in their duties. Since I ceased to command a regiment, I have taken advantage of every opportunity to express to those commanding officers with whom I have been in correspondence my conviction of the great advantages of this system to the rising generation. In going from one regiment to another I found many curious instances of ignorance on the part of young officers who had been many years with their corps. It was by no means an easy task to convince them that they really knew nothing, or at least had a great deal to learn; but when they were made sensible of it, they many of them turned out excellent officers, and now, I believe, bless the day they were first put under me."
The advantages of the System here mentioned cannot be questioned; and it is much to be regretted that it is not strictly enforced in every regiment in the service. Young officers may find it irksome at first; but they soon become sensible of the advantages, and learn to applaud the commandant who has had the firmness to consult their permanent interests more than their present inclinations. [W. H. S.]
38. Among the many changes produced in India by the development of the railway system and by other causes one of the most striking is the abolition of small military stations. Almost all these have disappeared, and the troops are now ma.s.sed in large cantonments, where they can be handled much more effectively than in out-stations.
The discipline of small detached bodies of troops is generally liable to deterioration.
39. Many instances of semi-religious honour paid by natives to the tombs of Europeans have been noticed.
40. There are, I believe, many Jemadars who still wear medals on their b.r.e.a.s.t.s for their service in the taking of Java and the Isle of France more than thirty years ago. Indeed, I suspect that some will be found who accompanied Sir David Baird to Egypt. [W. H. S.] Such old men must have been perfectly useless as officers. Sir David Baird" s operations took place in 1801.
41. The rate of pay of Jemadars in the Bengal Native Infantry now is either forty or fifty rupees monthly. Half of the officers of this rank in each regiment receive the higher rate. The grievance complained of by the author has, therefore, been remedied. The pay of a Havildar is still, or was recently, fourteen rupees a month.
CHAPTER 77
Invalid Establishment.
I have said nothing in the foregoing chapter of the invalid establishment, which is probably the greatest of all bonds between the Government and its native army, and consequently the greatest element in the "spirit of discipline". Bonaparte, who was, perhaps, with all his faults, "the greatest man that ever floated on the tide of time", said at Elba, "There is not even a village that has not brought forth a general, a colonel, a captain, or a prefect, who has raised himself by his especial merit, and ill.u.s.trated at once his family and his country." Now we know that the families and the village communities in which our invalid pensioners reside never read newspapers,[1] and feel but little interest in the victories in which these pensioners may have shared. They feel that they have no share in the _eclat_ or glory which attend them; but they everywhere admire and respect the government which cherishes its faithful old servants, and enables them to spend the "winter of their days" in the bosoms of their families; and they spurn the man who has failed in his duty towards that government in the hour of need.
No sepoy taken from the Rajput communities of Oudh or any other part of the country can hope to conceal from his family circle or village community any act of cowardice, or anything else which is considered disgraceful to a soldier, or to escape the odium which it merits in that circle and community.
In the year 1819 I was encamped near a village in marching through Oudh, when the landlord, a very cheerful old man, came up to me with his youngest son, a lad of eighteen years of age, and requested me to allow him (the son) to show me the best shooting grounds in the neighbourhood. I took my "Joe Manton" and went out. The youth showed me some very good ground, and I found him an agreeable companion, and an excellent shot with his matchlock. On our return we found the old man waiting for us. He told me that he had four sons, all by G.o.d"s blessing tall enough for the Company"s service, in which one had attained the rank of "havildar" (sergeant), and two were still sepoys. Their wives and children lived with him; and they sent home every month two-thirds of their pay, which enabled him to pay all the rent of the estate and appropriate the whole of the annual returns to the subsistence and comfort of the numerous family. He was, he said, now growing old, and wished his eldest son, the sergeant, to resign the service and come home to take upon him the management of the estate; that as soon as he could be prevailed upon to do so, his old wife would permit my sporting companion, her youngest son, to enlist, but not before.
I was on my way to visit Fyzabad, the old metropolis of Oudh,[2] and on returning a month afterwards in the latter end of January, I found that the wheat, which was all then in ear, had been destroyed by a severe frost. The old man wept bitterly, and he and his old wife yielded to the wishes of their youngest son to accompany me and enlist in my regiment, which was then stationed at Partabgarh.[3]
We set out, but were overtaken at the third stage by the poor old man, who told me that his wife had not eaten or slept since the boy left her, and that he must go back and wait for the return of his eldest brother, or she certainly would not live. The lad obeyed the call of his parents, and I never saw or heard of the family again.
There is hardly a village in the kingdom of Oudh without families like this depending upon the good conduct and liberal pay of sepoys in our infantry regiments, and revering the name of the government they serve, or have served. Similar villages are to be found scattered over the provinces of Bihar and Benares, the districts between the Ganges and Jumna, and other parts where Rajputs and the other cla.s.ses from which we draw our recruits have been long established as proprietors and cultivators of the soil.
These are the feelings on which the spirit of discipline in our native army chiefly depends, and which we shall, I hope, continue to cultivate, as we have always. .h.i.therto done, with care; and a commander must take a great deal of pains to make his men miserable, before he can render them, like the soldiers of Frederick, "the irreconcilable enemies of their officers and their government".