"Then why should you expect remissions in the bad seasons?"
"It cannot be disputed that the "barkat" (blessing from above) is less under you than it used to be formerly, and that the lands yield less to our labour."
"True, my old friend, but do you know the reason why?"
"No."
"Then I will tell you. Forty or fifty years ago, in what you call the times of the "barkat" (blessing from above), the cavalry of Sikh freebooters from the Panjab used to sweep over this fine plain, in which stands the said village from which you are all descended; and to ma.s.sacre the whole population of some villages, and a certain portion of that of every other village; and the lands of those killed used to be waste for want of cultivators. Is not this all true?"
"Yes, quite true."
"And the fine groves which had been planted over the plain by your ancestors, as they separated from the great parent stock, and formed independent villages and hamlets for themselves, were all swept away and destroyed by the same hordes of freebooters, from whom your poor imbecile emperors, cooped up in yonder large city of Delhi, were utterly unable to defend you?"
"Quite true," said the old man with a sigh. "I remember when all this fine plain was as thickly studded with fine groves of mango-trees as Rohilkhand, or any other part of India."
"You know that the land requires rest from labour, as well as men and bullocks, and that, if you go on sowing wheat and other exhausting crops, it will go on yielding less and less returns, and at last not be worth the tilling?"
"Quite well."
"Then why do you not give the land rest by leaving it longer fallow, or by a more frequent alternation of crops relieve it?"
"Because we have now increased so much that we should not get enough to eat were we to leave it to fallow; and unless we tilled it with exhausting crops we should not get the means of paying our rents to the Government."
"The Sikh hordes in former days prevented this; they killed off a certain portion of your families, and gave the land the rest which you now refuse it. When you had exhausted one part, you found another recovered by a long fallow, so that you had better returns; but now that we neither kill you, nor suffer you to be killed by others, you have brought all the cultivable lands into tillage; and under the old System of cropping to exhaustion, it is not surprising that they yield you less returns."[8]
By this time we had a crowd of people seated around us upon the ground, as I went on munching my parched gram, and talking to the old patriarch.
They all laughed at the old man at the conclusion of my last speech, and he confessed I was right.
"This is all true, sir, but still your Government is not considerate; it goes on taking kingdom after kingdom, and adding to its dominions without diminishing the burden upon us, its old subjects. Here you have had armies away taking Afghanistan, but we shall not have one rupee the less to pay."[9]
"True, my friend, nor would you demand a rupee less from those honest cultivators around us, if we were to leave you all your lands untaxed. You complain of the Government--they complain of you." (Here the circle around us laughed at the old man again.) "Nor would you subdivide the lands the less for having it rent-free; on the contrary, it would be every generation subdivided the more, inasmuch as there would be more of local ties, and a greater disinclination of families to separate and seek service abroad."
"True, sir, very true--that is, no doubt, a very great evil."
"And you know it is not an evil produced by us, but one arising out of your own laws of inheritance. You have heard, no doubt, that with us the eldest son gets the whole of the land, and the younger sons all go out in search of service, with such share as they can get of the other property of their father?"
"Yes, sir; but when shall we get service?--you have none to give us.
I would serve to-morrow if you would take me as a soldier," said he, stroking his white whiskers.
The crowd laughed heartily; and some wag observed that I should perhaps think him too old.
"Well," said the old man, smiling, "the gentleman himself is not very young, and yet I dare say he is a good servant of his Government."
This was paying me off for making the people laugh at his expense.
"True, my old friend," said I, "but I began to serve when I was young, and have been long learning."
"Very well," said the old man, "but I should be glad to serve the rest of my life upon a less salary than you got when you began to learn."
"Well, my friend, you complain of our Government; but you must acknowledge that we do all we can to protect you, though it is true that we are often acting in the dark."
"Often, sir? you are always acting in the dark; you, hardly any of you, know anything of what your revenue and police officers are doing; there is no justice or redress to be got without paying for it, and it is not often that those who pay can get it."
"True, my old friend, that is bad all over the world. You cannot presume to ask anything even from the Deity Himself, without paying the priest who officiates in His temples; and if you should, you would none of you hope to get from your Deity what you asked for."
Here the crowd laughed again, and one of them said that "there was this certainly to be said for our Government, that the European gentlemen themselves never took bribes, whatever those under them might do".
"You must not be too sure of that, neither. Did not the Lal Bibi, the Red Lady, get a bribe for soliciting the judge, her husband, to let go Amir Singh, who had been confined in jail?"
"How did this take place?"
"About three years ago Amir Singh was sentenced to imprisonment, and his friends spent a great deal of money in bribes to the native officers of the court, but all in vain. At last they were recommended to give a handsome present to the Red Lady. They did so, and Amir Singh was released."
"But did they give the present into the lady"s own hand?"
"No, they gave it to one of her women."
"And how do you know that she ever gave it to her mistress, or that her mistress ever heard of the transaction?"
"She might certainly have been acting without her mistress"
knowledge; but the popular belief is that the Lal Bibi got the present."
I then told the story of the affair at Jubbulpore, when Mrs. Smith"s name had been used for a similar purpose, and the people around us were all highly amused; and the old man"s opinion of the transaction with the Red Lady evidently underwent a change.[10]
We became good friends, and the old man begged me to have my tents, which he supposed were coming up, pitched among them, that he might have an opportunity of showing that he was not a bad subject, though he grumbled against the Government.
The next day at Meerut I got a visit from the chief native judge, whose son, a talented youth, is in my office. Among other things, I asked him whether it might not be possible to improve the character of the police by increasing the salaries of the officers, and mentioned my conversation with the landholder.
"Never, sir," said the old gentleman; "the man that now gets twenty- five rupees a month is contented with making perhaps fifty or seventy-five more; and the people subject to his authority pay him accordingly. Give him a hundred, sir, and he will put a shawl over his shoulders, and the poor people will be obliged to pay him at a rate that will make up his income to four hundred. You will only alter his style of living, and make him a greater burthen to the people. He will always take as long as he thinks he can with impunity."
"But do you not think that when people see a man adequately paid by the Government they will the more readily complain of any attempt at unauthorized exactions?"
"Not a bit, sir, as long as they see the same difficulties in the way of prosecuting him to conviction. In the administration of civil justice" (the old gentleman is a civil judge), "you may occasionally see your way, and understand what is doing; but in revenue and police you never have seen it in India, and never will, I think. The officers you employ will all add to their incomes by unauthorized means; and the lower these incomes, the less their pretensions, and the less the populace have to pay."[11]
Notes:
1. January, 1836.
2. The old Anglo-Indian rose much earlier than his successor of the present day commonly does.
3. For other popular explanations of the alleged decrease in fertility of the soil, see _ante_, Chapter 27, where three explanations are offered, namely, the eating of beef, the prevalence of adultery, and the impiety of surveys.
4. The inapplicability of these observations of the author to the present time is a good measure of the material progress of India since his day. The Ganges Ca.n.a.l, the bridges over the Indus, Ganges, and other great rivers, and numberless engineering works throughout the empire, are permanent witnesses to the scientific superiority of the ruling race. Buildings which can claim any high degree of architectural excellence are, unfortunately, still rare, but the public edifices of Bombay will not suffer by comparison with those of most capital cities, and for some years past, considerable attention has been paid to architecture as an art. A great architectural experiment is in progress at the new official capital of Delhi (1914).
5. The road is now an excellent one.