Remarks on Clarissa (1749).
by Sarah Fielding.
SIR,
Perhaps an Address of this Nature may appear very unaccountable, and whimsical; when I a.s.sure you, my Design is fairly to lay before you all the Criticisms, as far as I can remember them, that I have heard on your History of _Clarissa_; from the Appearance of the two first Volumes, to the Close of the Work. I have not willingly omitted any one Objection I have heard made to your favourite Character, from her first Appearance in the World; nor, on the contrary, have I either diminished or added to the favourable Construction put on her Words or Actions. If the Grounds for the Objections are found to be deducible from the Story, I would have them remain in their full Force; but if the Answers her Admirers have given to those Objections are found to result from an impartial and attentive perusal of the Story, I would not have her deny"d the Justice they have done her. But tho" I seem here to speak only of _Clarissa_, as she is your princ.i.p.al Character, yet I intend as well to take notice of what has been said relating to your whole Story, as to her in particular.
In the first Conversation I heard on this Subject, the whole Book was unanimously condemned, without the least Glimpse of Favour from any one present who sat in judgment on it. It was tedious stuff!--low!--Letters wrote between Misses about their Sweet-hearts!--There was an Uncle _Anthony_--a Brother _James_!--a Goody _Norton_!--and a Servant _Hannah_.--In short, _one_ had no Patience to read it, _another_ could not bear it, a _third_ did not like it, _&c._ Such general Censurers, I knew, could be very little worth attending to; and this Judgment I should have formed had I been a Stranger to the Book thus unmercifully treated; but as I had read _Clarissa_, and observed some Beauties in it, yet heard not one of them mentioned, I was determined to say nothing, and to make my Visit as short as possible.
From hence I went to spend the Evening with a Family in whose Conversation I am always agreeably entertained. There happened, that Night, to be a pretty large a.s.sembly of mix"d Company. _Clarissa_ immediately became the Subject of our Conversation, when, after a few general Remarks, one of the Gentlemen said, "His chief Objection was to the Length of it, for that he was certain he could tell the whole Story contained in the two first Volumes in a few Minutes; for Example, (continued he) There is a Family who live in the Country, consisting of an old, positive, gouty Gentleman, two old Batchelors as positive as their gouty Brother, a meek Wife, an ambitious Son, an envious elder Sister, and a handsome younger Sister; who, having refused many offered Matches, engages the Attention and Liking of one Mr. _Lovelace_, a young Gentleman of a n.o.ble Family; her Brother has an absolute Aversion to him; a Rencounter follows between them; the Lady corresponds with _Lovelace_ to prevent farther Mischief; a disagreeable Man is proposed to her by all her Family; she will not consent; they all combine to insist on her Compliance; she is lock"d up; forbid all Correspondence out of the Family, but still persists in her Refusal; they call it Obstinacy; she calls it Resolution; Mr. _Lovelace_ takes the Advantage of her Friends cruel Usage of her, and presses her to throw herself on his Protection: at last, for fear of being forced to marry the Man she hates, she appoints to go off with _Lovelace_; but fearing the Consequence of such a rash Step, and thinking it a Breach of her Duty to leave her Father"s House till urged by the last Necessity, she would have retracted the Appointment, and waited yet a little longer, in hopes her Friends might be influenced to change their Mind; Mr. _Lovelace_ does not take the Letter she puts in the usual Place for that purpose, and we see by her last Letter to her Friend, dated at St. _Albans_, that she is there with _Lovelace_. Now, how is it possible for this Story, without being exceeding tedious, to be spun out to two Volumes, containing each above 300 Pages?"
When the Gentleman ceased, a young Lady, whose Name was _Gibson_, took a little Almanack out of her Pocket, and, turning to the Place where the Births and Deaths of the Kings of _England_ were marked, gave it to the Gentleman, and said, "that by his Rule of Writing, that was the best History of _England_, and Almanack-makers were the best Historians".
Mr. _Johnson_, another of the Company, said, he would engage to relate the _Roman_ History, in that manner, in as little time as had been expended in the summing up the Story of _Clarissa_; and then, with a Monotony in his Voice that expressed more Humour than I can describe, he began as follows:
"_Romulus_ the Son of _Apulius_, as some say, tho" according to others the Son of _Mars_ by one of the Vestal Virgins, built the City of _Rome_, and reign"d there 37 Years; after him reigned six Kings successively (their Names are of no Consequence) but the Wickedness of the last King put an end to the regal State, and introduced the Consular, which we may say lasted about the s.p.a.ce of 427 Years, tho" it was retrenched in Power by the Tribunes of the People, and had many Intermissions by the Creation of Dictators, the Decemviri, and the military Tribuns; during all this time, sometimes there was War, sometimes there was Peace, foreign Wars in abundance, great Civil Wars, not a few Contentions for Power amongst all Degrees of Men, vast Conquests, great Extent or Empire, till at last, in the famous Plains of _Pharsalia_, was fought a decisive Battel for the Empire, between two ambitious Men, namely, _Caesar_ and _Pompey_; the latter fled, and was treacherously slain on the _Egyptian_ Sh.o.r.e, whilst the former remain"d Master of the Field, and almost of the Universe."
Here Mr. _Johnson_ changed the Tone of his Voice, and said, "I will pursue this no farther, for to the Death of _Pompey_ makes twenty Volumes in the History wrote by the Fathers _Catrou_ and _Rouille_, which is generally allowed to be a very good one, and, I think, one of its chief Beauties depends on the Length; for to that we owe the displaying so many various Characters, and the diving into the Motives of those great Mens Actions, who guided that extensive, powerful, I had almost said unmanagable Common-wealth.
Mr. _Singleton_ laugh"d, and said, "He was surprised to hear a Man of Mr. _Johnson"s_ Understanding display so much Eloquence to prove, (if he intended to prove any thing by it) that the knowing the Particulars of the Family at _Harlow-place_ was of as much Consequence, as the knowing the Springs and Wheels on which turned the Affairs of the greatest Commonwealth that was ever heard of since the Creation of the World.
"Indeed, Sir, replied the Lady of the House, (who has bred up three Sons and three Daughters, who do Honour to her Education of them) I really think the penetrating into the Motives that actuate the Persons in a private Family, of much more general use to be known, than those concerning the Management of any Kingdom or Empire whatsoever: The latter, Princes, Governors, and Politicians only can be the better for, whilst every Parent, every Child, every Sister, and every Brother, are concerned in the former, and may take example by such who are in the same Situation with themselves.
Mr. _Clark_ said, "that he believed the whole Account of the Mind of Man, were we only to mention the primary Pa.s.sions, might be comprised in a few Words; but (continued he) from those Fountains to trace the several Channels into which they flow, and to get a Clue to guide us through all the winding Labyrinths into which they turn themselves, is no such easy Matter; that
_Life"s but a walking Shadow, a poor Player, That struts and frets his Hour upon the Stage And then is heard no more,_
perhaps gives us as strong an Image as it is possible to receive, of all the great Transactions perform"d by Mankind for these 6000 Years; and yet the celebrated Author, who wrote those Words, has diversify"d and display"d that strutting and fretting in as many various Lights as he has drawn Characters throughout his immortal Writings.
"In these two Volumes of _Clarissa_, it plainly appears, the Author"s Intention is to impress deeply on the Reader"s Mind, the peculiar Character of each Person in that Family whence his Heroine is derived; and in this I think he has succeeded so well, that for my own part I am as intimately acquainted with all the _Harlows_, as if I had known them from my Infancy; and if I was to receive a Letter from any one of them, I am sure I should not want the Name to a.s.sist me in a.s.signing it to the proper Person. Tho", upon the whole, I don"t know but there may be some Exuberances that might have been spared, as they stop the Progress of the Story, and keep us in anxious doubt concerning _Clarissa"s_ Fate, altho" the scattered Observations have generally the Recommendation of Novelty to amuse the Curious, Depth to engage the Attention of the Considerate, and Sprightliness to entertain the Lively; and Story is considered by the Author, as he says in his Preface, but as the Vehicle to convey the more necessary Instruction. And _Clarissa_ says to Miss _How_;
_You will always have me give you minute Descriptions, nor suffer me to pa.s.s by the Air and Manner in which Things are spoken, that are to be taken notice of; rightly observing, that Air and Manner often express more than the accompanying Words._
"If this Observation is just, and Air and Manner can be placed before a Reader"s View by writing, I am sure minute Descriptions are necessary; and I could point out several Places in _Clarissa_, where we may see the very Look of the Eyes, and Turn of the Countenance of the Persons mentioned, and hear the Tone of the Voice of the Person speaking."
The next Objection was raised by Mr. _Dobson_, to Mrs. _Harlowe"s_ Character, which he said, "It was plain you did not intend as a bad one, by her Meekness, Submission to her Husband, and her hitherto truly maternal Care of her Family; and yet, when she joins with violent overbearing Spirits, to oppress and persecute such a Daughter as _Clarissa_, because she steadily adhered to a Resolution of refusing solemnly to vow at the Altar Love and Obedience to such a Wretch as _Solmes_, what was this but Tameness and Folly instead of Meekness?"
Totally to justify Mrs. _Harlowe_ was not attempted; on the contrary, it was unanimously agreed, that she was to blame: But Miss _Gibson_ desired "Mrs. _Harlow"s_ Faults might not be thrown on the Author, unless it could be proved that he himself intended her Conduct should deserve no Censure. However, (continued she) to preserve any Charity in censuring her, I think it should be considered, how much a Woman must be embara.s.sed, who has for many Years accustomed herself to obey the very Looks of another, where a Point is peremptorily insisted on, which, to comply with, must gall her to the Heart. Mrs. _Harlowe_ might indeed have suffered with _Clarissa_, but could not have preserved her from her Father"s Fury, irritated and inflamed by her ambitious violent Brother: And perhaps she flatter"d herself, that she might gain more Influence by seeming to comply, than if she had attempted absolutely to resist the Storm gathering in her Family. And this I think, the many Hints she gives, that if she was left to herself, it would be otherwise, is a full Proof of."
A young Lady, who had hitherto been silent, looked pleased at Miss _Gibson"s_ Remarks, and said;
"I think _Clarissa_ herself has made very good Observations on her Mamma"s Meekness, and the Effects of it, in one of her Letters to Miss _Howe_, where she says--In my Mamma"s Case, your Observation is verifyed, that those who will bear much, shall have much to bear. And how true is her farther Observation, where she says, that she fears her Mamma has lost that very Peace which she has sacrificed so much to obtain."
"Your Remark, Madam, said Miss _Gibson_, is very just, and from this Character of Mrs. _Harlowe_, we may draw a n.o.ble and most useful Moral; for as in the Body, too rich Blood occasions many Diseases, so in the Mind, the very Virtues themselves, if not carefully watched, may produce very hurtful Maladies. Meekness therefore, and a long Habit of Submission, is often accompanied by a want of Resolution, even where Resolution is commendable. To be all Softness, Gentleness and Meekness, and at the same time to be steadily fixed in every Point "tis improper to give up, is peculiar to _Clarissa_ herself, and a Disposition of Mind judiciously reserved by the Author for his Heroine alone."
An old Gentleman who sat in the Corner, and often made wry Faces at the sudden Attack of Rheumatick Pains, with which he was often afflicted, objected strongly to Mr. _Harlowe"s_ arbitrary Usage of such a Wife, as being very unnatural. "Nay, Sir, (said Miss _Gibson_) I think _Clarissa_ gives a very good Account of Mr. _Harlowe"s_ Behaviour, in a Letter to her Friend, when she says;
_But my Father was soured by the cruel Distemper I have named, which seized him all at once, in the very prime of Life, in so violent a Manner, as to take from the most active Mind, as HIS was, all Power of Activity, and that in all Appearance for Life.--It imprison"d, as I may say, his lively Spirits in himself and turned the Edge of them against his own Peace, his extraordinary Prosperity adding but to his Impatiency._
"And methinks, it is very easy to imagine, Mr. _Harlowe"s_ Pains, and Mrs. _Harlowe"s_ tender Concern for these Pains increasing together: her Attention to him, and earnest Endeavours to soften and alleviate the Extremity of his Torments becoming all her Care; till, his Ill-temper daily growing stronger by the Force of his bodily Disorders, he at last habituated himself to vent it on the Person who most patiently submitted, tho" her Heart was most nearly touched and affected by it.
And I appeal to the common Experience of any Persons who have accustomed themselves to make Observations on the Scenes before them, if they have not often seen heart-breaking Harshness burst forth on those who strongest feel the Strokes, and yet submit to them without complaining; and this practised even by Persons who would take it much amiss to be thought peculiarly ill-natured."
The old Gentleman, without answering Miss _Gibson_, insisted on what he had said before; and then turning to his Daughter, in a rough Voice, accompanied with a fierce Look, bid her not sit so idly, but ring the Bell, that the Servant might get a Coach, for he would go home. The young Lady, who was as submissive a Daughter as Mrs. _Harlow_ was a Wife, immediately obeyed his Commands, tho" it might be read in her Countenance, that she could have wished that he would have injoined them in a milder Manner; on which her Father observed, that the Girl was always out of Humour and sullen when she was employed. Indeed, Sir, said the young Lady, I love to be honoured with your Commands; I was only afraid you was angry with me. A Tear stole without her Consent from her Eyes, and at the same Time she looked at her Father with a supplicating, instead of a sullen Countenance.
As soon as the Coach came, the old Gentleman, with great Roughness, commanded his Daughter to attend him, and left us; and we could not help remarking, how much the Gentleman"s Behaviour had added Weight to the Force of his Criticism.
The next Objection was raised by Mr. _Dellincourt_, who found great Fault with the Liberties you have taken with the _English_ Language, and said, you had coined new Words, and printed others as if you was writing a Spelling-book, instead of relating a Story. We were all silent for a few Moments, and then Miss _Gibson_ said;
"Indeed, Sir, I do not pretend to be any Judge of the Accuracy of Stile, but I beg to know, if in the writing familiar Letters, many Liberties are not allowable, which in other kinds of writing might perhaps be justly condemned: And as to the printing some of the Words with Breaks between the Syllables, it certainly makes the Painting the stronger; however, I submit this entirely to the Judgment of others. But supposing this to be a failing, surely it is a trifling one, to censure a Book severely for, in which there are so many striking Beauties to be found.
But to ill.u.s.trate my Thoughts on this Head, I will tell you a Story that is really true.
"A Gentleman shewed a Friend of his a Picture of a favourite Horse, drawn by the celebrated Mr. _Wooten_. The Horse was unexceptionably beautiful, and the Picture excellently drawn. His Friend regarded it for some Time with great Attention: When the Gentleman (who was a Lover of Pictures, and who delighted to share his Pleasures with others) earnestly asked his Friend"s Opinion of the Piece he was viewing; who, after much Consideration, with a significant Shrug of his Shoulders, and a contemptuous Toss of his Hand, said, _I don"t like the Skirts of the Saddle_."
The Application of this Story was so very plain, that the whole Company were diverted with it; and thus, Sir, I think I have sumed up all the Critisism I heard either against or in favour of your _Clarissa_, on the Publication of the two first Volumes.
The next Scene of Criticism (if I may so call it) on _Clarissa_ that I was present at, was on the Publication of the two succeeding Volumes.
The same Company met, with the Addition only of one Gentleman, whom I shall call _Bellario_; his known Taste and Impartiality made all those who wished Reason instead of Prejudice might judge of the Subject before them, rejoice at his Presence. The Objections now arose so fast, it was impossible to guess where they would end. _Clarissa_ herself was a Prude--a Coquet--all the Contradictions mentioned some Time ago in a printed Paper, with the Addition of many more, were laid to her Charge.
She was an undutiful Daughter--too strict in her Principles of Obedience to such Parents--too fond of a Rake and a Libertine--her Heart was as impenitrable and unsusceptible of Affection, as the hardest Marble. In short, the many contradictory Faults that she was at once accused of, is almost incredible: So many, that those who had attended enough to her Character, to have an Inclination to justify her, found it difficult to know where to begin to answer such a complicated Charge. But after a short Silence, Miss _Gibson_ with her usual Penetration, said;
"Whenever any Person is accused of a Variety of Faults, which are plainly impossible to dwell in the same Mind, I am immediately convinced the Person so accused is innocent of them all. A Prude cannot, by an observing Eye, be taken for a Coquet, nor a Coquet for a Prude, but a good Woman may be called either, or both, according to the Dispositions of her resolved Censurers; and hence I believe we may trace the Cause, why the Characters even of those Persons who do not endeavour to wear any Disguise are so very liable to be mistaken; for Partiality or Prejudice generally sit as Judges: If the former mount the Judgment-seat, how many different Terms do we make use of to express that Goodness in another, which our own fluctuating Imaginations only have erected? If the latter, how do we vary Expressions to paint that Wickedness which we are resolve to prove inhabits the Mind we think proper to condemn?" "Nay, but (said Mr. _Dellincourt_) how are we concerned either to justify or accuse _Clarissa_? we cannot be either partial to, or prejudised against her." "I know not how it is, (replyed Miss _Gibson_) but those who dread Censure, tho" Circ.u.mspection wait on every Step, will be censured, till there no longer remains in the World any of those Dispositions that delight in inflicting that Punishment on others they see they most fear. Now, tho" _Clarissa_ was not so blameably fearful of Censure, but that her first Care was to preserve the Innocence of her own Mind, and do no wrong; yet it is plain, she would very gladly have avoided incurring, as well as deserving, Reproach; and that she is treated like an intimate Acquaintance by all her Readers, the Author may thank himself for. I dare say, the Authors of _Ca.s.sandra_, _Clelia_, with numberless others I could name, were never in any Danger of having their Heroines thought on, or treated like human Creatures."
_Bellario_, who had hitherto been silent, said, "He thought _Clarissa_ could not justly be accused of any material Fault, but that of wanting Affection for her Lover; for that he was sure, a Woman whose Mind was incapable of Love, could not be amiable, nor have any of those gentle Qualities which chiefly adorn the female Character. And as to her whining after her Papa and Mamma, who had used her so cruelly, (added he) I think "tis contemptible in her."
"But, Sir, (said Miss _Gibson_) please only to consider, first, _Clarissa_ is accused of want of Love, and then in a Moment she is condemned for not being able suddenly to tear from her Bosom an Affection that had been daily growing and improving from the Time of her Birth, and this built on the greatest paternal Indulgence imaginable.
Affections that have taken such deep Root, are little Treasures h.o.a.rded up in the good Mind, and cannot be torn thence without causing the strongest convulsive Pangs in the Heart, where they have been long nourished: And when they are so very easily given up as you now, Sir, seem to contend for, I confess I am very apt to suspect they have only been talked of by the Persons who can part with them with so little Pain, either from Hypocrisy, or from another very obvious Cause, namely, the using Words we are accustomed to hear, without so much as thinking of their Meaning. Such Hearts I think may be much more properly compared to the Hardness of Marble, than could that of the gentle _Clarissa_.
"There is in her Behaviour, I own, a good deal of apparent Indifference to _Lovelace_; but let her Situation and his manner of treating her be considered, and I fancy the whole will be seen in a different Light from what it may appear on the first View. She has confessed to Miss _Howe_, that she could prefer him to all the Men she ever saw; and that Friend of her Heart, to whom her very inmost Thoughts were laid open all along, p.r.o.nounces her to be in Love with him. It is not from Hypocrisy that she does not confess the Charge, but from the Reason Miss _Howe_ gives, when she says;
_I believe you did not intend Reserve to me, for two Reasons, I believe you did not; first, because you say you did not: Next, because you have not as yet been able to convince yourself how it is to be with you; and, persecuted as you are, how so to separate the Effects that spring from the two Causes (Persecution and Love) as to give to each its particular Due._
"That _Clarissa_ positively did not intend to go off with _Lovelace_ when she met him, to me is very plain; nor could he have prevailed on her, had not the Terrors raised in her Mind, by apprehended Murder, almost robbed her of her Senses, and hurried her away, not knowing what she did. For the Truth of this, I appeal to that charming painted Scene, where the Reader"s Mind shares _Clarissa"s_ Terror, and is kept in one continued Tumult til.
[A]_The Steeds are smote, the rapid Chariot flies, The sudden Clouds of circuling Dust arise._
[A] _Pope"s Homer._
"She was vexed to her soul afterwards to find she was tricked, as she calls it, out of herself, when _Lovelace_, instead of comforting and a.s.suring her Mind, begins such a Train of shufling artful Tricks, as no one but _Lovelace_ could have thought on: And altho" she did not know all his Design, for if she had, she would certainly have left him, yet she sees enough of his _crooked ways_, to be convinced that he acted ungenerously by her, because she was in _his Power_. Does not _Lovelace_, in a Letter to _Belford_, writ in four Days after she was with him, say?
_And do I not see, that I shall want nothing but Patience, in order to have all Power with me? For what shall we say, if all these Complaints of a Character Wounded, these Declarations of increasing Regrets of meeting me, of Resentments never to be got over for my seducing her away, these angry Commands to leave her,--what shall we say, if all were to mean nothing but Matrimony?--And what if my forbearing to enter upon that Subject comes out to be the true Cause of her Petulance and Uneasiness._
"And then he gives such an Account of his asking her Consent to marry him, and at the same Time artfully confusing her, so as to prevent her Consent, as perfectly paints his cunning vile Heart. How is her Behaviour altered to him from the Time she can write Miss _Howe_ word that her Prospects are mended, till his returning Shufling convinces her there is no Confidence to be placed in him! But if, Sir, you cannot think _Lovelace"s_ Usage of _Clarissa_ a full Justification of her in this Point, I think the Author has a just Right to be heard out before his Heroine is condemned in so heavy a Charge, as that of being void of all Affection. You know enough of my Sentiments, Sir, to be convinced that I do think this the heaviest Charge a Woman can be accused of; for Love is the only Pa.s.sion I should wish to be harboured in the gentle Bosom of a good Woman. Ambition, with all the Train of turbulent Pa.s.sions the World is infested with, I would leave to Men: And could I make my whole s.e.x of my Opinion, they would be resigned without the least Grudge or Envy; for Peace and Harmony dwell not with them, but on the contrary, Discord, Perturbation and Misery are their constant Companions. But tho" I speak thus with the utmost Sincerity of Love; yet I cannot think a Woman greatly the Object of Esteem who, like _Serina_ in the _Orphan_, having such a Father as _Acasto_, and such Brothers, affectionate to her, however blameable in other Respects; while she saw her whole Family distressed and confused, and _Monimia_, the gentle Companion of her Infancy, involved in that Confusion, her Lover too behaving like a Mad-man, yet still, could cry out,
Chamont"s _the dearest thing I have on Earth; Give me_ Chamont, _and let the World forsake me._
"_Clarissa_ would have acted a different Part, I do confess; and yet, if I can guess any Thing of the Author"s Intention by what is already published, I fancy, when we have read the Conclusion of this Story, we shall be convinced that Love was the strongest Characteristic of _Clarissa"s_ Mind."