--"But, my dear fellow, not every one can write like Tolstoy." His considerateness was at times pathetic. A certain young writer came to Yalta and took a little room in a big and noisy Greek family somewhere beyond Antka, on the outskirts of the city. He once complained to Chekhov that it was difficult to work in such surroundings, and Chekhov insisted that the writer should come to him in the mornings and work downstairs in the room adjoining the dining room. "You will write downstairs, and I upstairs"--he said with his charming smile--"And you will have dinner with me. When you finish something, do read it to me, or, if you go away, send me the proofs."
He read an amazing amount and always remembered everything, and never confused one writer with another. If writers asked his opinion, he always praised their work, not so as to get rid of them, but because he knew how cruelly a sharp, even if just, criticism cuts the wings of beginners, and what an encouragement and hope a little praise gives sometimes. "I have read your story. It is marvelously well done," he would say on such occasions in a hearty voice. But when a certain confidence was established and they got to know each other, especially if an author insisted, he gave his opinion more definitely, directly, and at greater length. I have two letters of his, written to one and the same novelist, concerning one and the same tale. Here is a quotation from the first:
"Dear N., I received your tale and have read it; many thanks. The tale is good, I have read it at one go, as I did the previous one, and with the same pleasure...."
But as the author was not satisfied with praise alone, he soon received a second letter from Anton Pavlovitch.
"You want me to speak of defects only, and thereby you put me in an embarra.s.sing situation. There are no defects in that story, and if one finds fault, it is only with a few of its peculiarities. For instance, your heroes, characters, you treat in the old style, as they have been treated for a hundred years by all who have written about them--nothing new. Secondly, in the first chapter you are busy describing people"s faces--again that is the old way, it is a description which can be dispensed with. Five minutely described faces tire the attention, and in the end lose their value. Clean-shaved characters are like each other, like Catholic priests, and remain alike, however studiously you describe them. Thirdly, you overdo your rough manner in the description of drunken people. That is all I can say in reply to your question about the defects; I can find nothing more that is wrong."
To those writers with whom he had any common spiritual bond, he always behaved with great care and attention. He never missed an occasion to tell them any news which he knew would be pleasing or useful.
"Dear N.," he wrote to a certain friend of mine,--"I hereby inform you that your story was read by L. N. Tolstoy and he liked it _very much_.
Be so good as to send him your book at this address; Koreiz, Tauric Province, and on the t.i.tle page underline the stories which you consider best, so that he should begin with them. Or send the book to me and I will hand it to him."
To the writer of these lines he also once showed a delightful kindness, communicating by letter that, "in the "Dictionary of the Russian Language," published by the Academy of Sciences, in the sixth number of the second volume, which number I received to-day, you too appeared at last."
All these of course are details, but in them is apparent much sympathy and concern, so that now, when this great artist and remarkable man is no longer among us, his letters acquire the significance of a far-away, irrevocable caress.
"Write, write as much as possible"--he would say to young novelists. "It does not matter if it does not come off. Later on it will come off. The chief thing is, do not waste your youth and elasticity. It"s now the time for working. See, you write superbly, but your vocabulary is small.
You must acquire words and turns of speech, and for this you must write every day."
And he himself worked untiringly on himself, enriching his charming, varied vocabulary from every source: from conversations, dictionaries, catalogues, from learned works, from sacred writings. The store of words which that silent man had was extraordinary.
--"Listen, travel third cla.s.s as often as possible"--he advised--"I am sorry that illness prevents me from traveling third. There you will sometimes hear remarkably interesting things."
He also wondered at those authors who for years on end see nothing but the next door house from the windows of their Petersburg flats. And often he said with a shade of impatience:
--"I cannot understand why you--young, healthy, and free--don"t go, for instance, to Australia (Australia for some reason was his favorite part of the world), or to Siberia. As soon as I am better, I shall certainly go to Siberia. I was there when I went to Saghalien. You cannot imagine, my dear fellow, what a wonderful country it is. It is quite different.
You know, I am convinced Siberia will some day sever herself completely from Russia, just as America severed herself from her motherland. You must, must go there without fail...."
"Why don"t you write a play?"--he would sometimes ask. "Do write one, really. Every writer must write at least four plays."
But he would confess now and then, that the dramatic form is losing its interest now.
"The drama must either degenerate completely, or take a completely new form"--he said. "We cannot even imagine what the theatre will be like in a hundred years."
There were some little inconsistencies in Anton Pavlovitch which were particularly attractive in him and had at the same time a deep inner significance. This was once the case with regard to note-books. Chekhov had just strongly advised us not to have recourse to them for help but to rely wholly on our memory and imagination. "The big things will remain"--he argued--"and the details you can always invent or find." But then, an hour later, one of the company, who had been for a year on the stage, began to talk of his theatrical impressions and incidentally mentioned this case. A rehearsal was taking place in the theatre of a tiny provincial town. The "young lover" paced the stage in a hat and check trousers, with his hands in his pockets, showing off before a casual public which had straggled into the theatre. The "ingenue," his mistress, who was also on the stage, said to him: "Sasha, what was it you whistled yesterday from _Pagliacci_? Do please whistle it again."
The "young lover" turned to her, and looking her up and down with a devastating expression said in a fat, actor"s voice: "Wha-at! Whistle on the stage? Would you whistle in church? Then know that the stage is the same as a church!"
At the end of that story Anton Pavlovitch threw off his pince-nez, flung himself back in his chair, and began to laugh with his clear, ringing laughter. He immediately opened the drawer of his table to get his note-book. "Wait, wait, how did you say it? The stage is a temple?" ...
And he put down the whole anecdote.
There was no essential contradiction in this, and Anton Pavlovitch explained it himself. "One should not put down similes, characteristic _traits_, details, scenes from nature--this must come of itself when it is needed. But a bare fact, a rare name, a technical term, should be put down in the note-book--otherwise it may be forgotten and lost."
Chekhov frequently recalled the difficulties put in his way by the editors of serious magazines, until with the helping hand of "Sieverny Viestnik" he finally overcame them.
"For one thing you all ought to be grateful to me,"--he would say to young writers.--"It was I who opened the way for writers of short stories. Formerly, when one took a ma.n.u.script to an editor, he did not even read it. He just looked scornfully at one. "What? You call this a work? But this is shorter than a sparrow"s nose. No, we do not want such trifles." But, see, I got round them and paved the way for others. But that is nothing; they treated me much worse than that! They used my name as a synonym for a writer of short stories. They would make merry: "O, you Chekhovs!" It seemed to them amusing."
Anton Pavlovitch had a high opinion of modern writing, i. e., properly speaking, of the technique of modern writing. "All write superbly now; there are no bad writers"--he said in a resolute tone. "And hence it is becoming more and more difficult to win fame. Do you know whom that is due to?--Maupa.s.sant. He, as an artist in language, put the standard before an author so high that it is no longer possible to write as of old. You try to re-read some of our cla.s.sics, say, p.i.s.semsky, Grigorovitch, or Ostrovsky; try, and you will see what obsolete, commonplace stuff it is. Take on the other hand our decadents. They are only pretending to be sick and crazy,--they all are burly peasants. But so far as writing goes,--they are masters."
At the same time he asked that writers should choose ordinary, everyday themes, simplicity of treatment, and absence of showy tricks. "Why write,"--he wondered--"about a man getting into a submarine and going to the North Pole to reconcile himself with the world, while his beloved at that moment throws herself with a hysterical shriek from the belfry? All this is untrue and does not happen in reality. One must write about simple things: how Peter Semionovitch married Marie Ivanovna. That is all. And again, why those subt.i.tles: a psychological study, genre, nouvelle? All these are mere pretense. Put as plain a t.i.tle as possible--any that occurs to your mind--and nothing else. Also use as few brackets, italics and hyphens as possible. They are mannerisms."
He also taught that an author should be indifferent to the joys and sorrows of his characters. "In a good story"--he said--"I have read a description of a restaurant by the sea in a large city. You saw at once that the author was all admiration for the music, the electric light, the flowers in the b.u.t.tonholes; that he himself delighted in contemplating them. One has to stand outside these things, and, although knowing them in minute detail, one must look at them from top to bottom with contempt. And then it will be true."
VIII
The son of Alphonse Daudet in his memoirs of his father relates that the gifted French writer half jokingly called himself a "seller of happiness." People of all sorts would constantly apply to him for advice and a.s.sistance. They came with their sorrows and worries, and he, already bedridden with a painful and incurable disease, found sufficient courage, patience, and love of mankind in himself to penetrate into other people"s grief, to console and encourage them.
Chekhov, certainly, with his extraordinary modesty and his dislike of phrase-making, would never have said anything like that. But how often he had to listen to people"s confessions, to help by word and deed, to hold out a tender and strong hand to the falling.... In his wonderful objectivity, standing above personal sorrows and joys, he knew and saw everything. But personal feeling stood in the way of his understanding.
He could be kind and generous without loving; tender and sympathetic without attachment; a benefactor, without counting on grat.i.tude. And these traits which were never understood by those round him, contained the chief key to his personality.
Availing myself of the permission of a friend of mine, I will quote a short extract from a Chekhov letter. The man was greatly alarmed and troubled during the first pregnancy of a much beloved wife, and, to tell the truth, he distressed Anton Pavlovitch greatly with his own trouble.
Chekhov once wrote to him:
"Tell your wife she should not be anxious, everything will be all right.
The travail will last twenty hours, and then will ensue a most blissful state, when she will smile, and you will long to cry from love and grat.i.tude. Twenty hours is the usual maximum for the first childbirth."
What a subtle cure for another"s anxiety is heard in these few simple lines! But it is still more characteristic that later, when my friend had become a happy father, and, recollecting that letter, asked Chekhov how he understood these feelings so well, Anton Pavlovitch answered quietly, even indifferently:
"When I lived in the country, I always had to attend peasant women. It was just the same--there too is the same joy."
If Chekhov had not been such a remarkable writer, he would have been a great doctor. Physicians who sometimes invited him to a consultation spoke of him as an unusually thoughtful observer and penetrating in diagnosis. It would not be surprising if his diagnosis were more perfect and profound than a diagnosis given by a fashionable celebrity. He saw and heard in man--in his face, voice, and bearing--what was hidden and would escape the notice of an average observer.
He himself preferred to recommend, in the rare cases when his advice was sought, medicines that were tried, simple, and mostly domestic. By the way he treated children with great success.
He believed in medicine firmly and soundly, and nothing could shake that belief. I remember how cross he was once when some one began to talk slightingly of medicine, basing his remarks on Zola"s novel "Doctor Pascal."
--"Zola understands nothing and invents it all in his study,"--he said in agitation, coughing. "Let him come and see how our Zemstvo doctors work and what they do for the people."
Every one knows how often--with what sympathy and love beneath an external hardness, he describes those superb workers, those obscure and inconspicuous heroes who deliberately doomed their names to oblivion. He described them, even without sparing them.
IX
There is a saying: the death of each man is like him. One recalls it involuntarily when one thinks of the last years of Chekhov"s life, of the last days, even of the last minutes. Even into his funeral fate brought, by some fatal consistency, many purely Chekhovian traits.
He struggled long, terribly long, with an implacable disease, but bore it with manly simplicity and patience, without irritation, without complaints, almost in silence. Only just before his death, he mentions his disease, just by the way, in his letters. "My health is recovered, although I still walk with a compress on." ... "I have just got through a pleurisy, but am better now." ... "My health is not grand.... I write on."
He did not like to talk of his disease and was annoyed when questioned about it. Only from a.r.s.eniy (the servant) one would learn. "This morning he was very bad--there was blood," he would say in a whisper, shaking his head. Or Yevguenia Yakovlevna, Chekhov"s mother, would say secretly with anguish in her voice:
"Antosha again coughed all night. I hear through the wall."
Did he know the extent and meaning of his disease? I think he did, but intrepidly, like a doctor and a philosopher, he looked into the eyes of imminent death. There were various, trifling circ.u.mstances pointing to the fact that he knew. Thus, for instance, to a lady, who complained to him of insomnia and nervous breakdown, he said quietly, with an indefinable sadness:
"You see; whilst a man"s lungs are right, everything is right."
He died simply, pathetically, and fully conscious. They say his last words were: "Ich sterbe." And his last days were darkened by a deep sorrow for Russia, and by the anxiety of the monstrous j.a.panese war.