Reviews

He speaks, and we, deaf to our Maker"s voice, Hear and obey the call of our destroyer!

Then let us murmur not at anything; For if our ills are curable, "tis idle, And if they are past remedy, "tis vain.

The worst our strongest enemy can do Is take from us our life, and this indeed Is in the power of the weakest also.

This is not good prose; it is merely blank verse of an inferior quality, and we hope that Mr. Coleridge in his next novel will not ask us to accept second-rate poetry as musical prose. For, that Mr. Coleridge is a young writer of great ability and culture cannot be doubted and, indeed, in spite of the error we have pointed out, Demetrius remains one of the most fascinating and delightful novels that has appeared this season.

Demetrius. By the Hon. Stephen Coleridge. (Kegan Paul.)

NEW NOVELS

(Sat.u.r.day Review, August 20, 1887.)

Teutonic fiction, as a rule, is somewhat heavy and very sentimental; but Werner"s Her Son, excellently translated by Miss Tyrrell, is really a capital story and would make a capital play. Old Count Steinruck has two grandsons, Raoul and Michael. The latter is brought up like a peasant"s child, cruelly treated by his grandfather and by the peasant to whose care he is confided, his mother, the Countess Louis Steinruck, having married an adventurer and a gambler. He is the rough hero of the tale, the Saint Michael of that war with evil which is life; while Raoul, spoiled by his grandfather and his French mother, betrays his country and tarnishes his name. At every step in the narrative these two young men come into collision. There is a war of character, a clash of personalities. Michael is proud, stern and n.o.ble. Raoul is weak, charming and evil. Michael has the world against him and conquers. Raoul has the world on his side and loses. The whole story is full of movement and life, and the psychology of the characters is displayed by action not by a.n.a.lysis, by deeds not by description. Though there are three long volumes, we do not tire of the tale. It has truth, pa.s.sion and power, and there are no better things than these in fiction.

The interest of Mr. Sale Lloyd"s Scamp depends on one of those misunderstandings which is the stock-in-trade of second-rate novelists.

Captain Egerton falls in love with Miss Adela Thornd.y.k.e, who is a sort of feeble echo of some of Miss Broughton"s heroines, but will not marry her because he has seen her talking with a young man who lives in the neighbourhood and is one of his oldest friends. We are sorry to say that Miss Thornd.y.k.e remains quite faithful to Captain Egerton, and goes so far as to refuse for his sake the rector of the parish, a local baronet, and a real live lord. There are endless pages of five o"clock tea-prattle and a good many tedious characters. Such novels as Scamp are possibly more easy to write than they are to read.

James Hepburn belongs to a very different cla.s.s of book. It is not a mere chaos of conversation, but a strong story of real life, and it cannot fail to give Miss Veitch a prominent position among modern novelists. James Hepburn is the Free Church minister of Mossgiel, and presides over a congregation of pleasant sinners and serious hypocrites.

Two people interest him, Lady Ellinor Farquharson and a handsome young vagabond called Robert Blackwood. Through his efforts to save Lady Ellinor from shame and ruin he is accused of being her lover; through his intimacy with Robert Blackwood he is suspected of having murdered a young girl in his household. A meeting of the elders and office-bearers of the church is held to consider the question of the minister"s resignation, at which, to the amazement of every one, Robert Blackwood comes forth and confesses to the crime of which Hepburn is accused. The whole story is exceedingly powerful, and there is no extravagant use of the Scotch dialect, which is a great advantage to the reader.

The t.i.tle-page of Tiff informs us that it was written by the author of Lucy; or, a Great Mistake, which seems to us a form of anonymity, as we have never heard of the novel in question. We hope, however, that it was better than Tiff, for Tiff is undeniably tedious. It is the story of a beautiful girl who has many lovers and loses them, and of an ugly girl who has one lover and keeps him. It is a rather confused tale, and there are far too many love-scenes in it. If this "Favourite Fiction" Series, in which Tiff appears, is to be continued, we would entreat the publisher to alter the type and the binding. The former is far too small: while, as for the cover, it is of sham crocodile leather adorned with a blue spider and a vulgar ill.u.s.tration of the heroine in the arms of a young man in evening dress. Dull as Tiff is--and its dulness is quite remarkable--it does not deserve so detestable a binding.

(1) Her Son. Translated from the German of E. Werner by Christina Tyrrell. (Richard Bentley and Son.)

(2) Scamp. By J. Sale Lloyd. (White and Co.)

(3) James Hepburn. By Sophie Veitch. (Alexander Gardner.)

(4) Tiff. By the Author of Lucy; or, A Great Mistake. "Favourite Fiction" Series. (William Stevens.)

TWO BIOGRAPHIES OF KEATS

(Pall Mall Gazette, September 27, 1887.)

A poet, said Keats once, "is the most unpoetical of all G.o.d"s creatures,"

and whether the aphorism be universally true or not, this is certainly the impression produced by the two last biographies that have appeared of Keats himself. It cannot be said that either Mr. Colvin or Mr. William Rossetti makes us love Keats more or understand him better. In both these books there is much that is like "chaff in the mouth," and in Mr.

Rossetti"s there is not a little that is like "bra.s.s on the palate." To a certain degree this is, no doubt, inevitable nowadays. Everybody pays a penalty for peeping through keyholes, and the keyhole and the backstairs are essential parts of the method of the modern biographers.

It is only fair, however, to state at the outset that Mr. Colvin has done his work much better than Mr. Rossetti. The account Mr. Colvin gives of Keats"s boyhood, for instance, is very pleasing, and so is the sketch of Keats"s circle of friends, both Leigh Hunt and Haydon being admirably drawn. Here and there, trivial family details are introduced without much regard to proportion, and the posthumous panegyrics of devoted friends are not really of so much value, in helping us to form any true estimate of Keats"s actual character, as Mr. Colvin seems to imagine. We have no doubt that when Bailey wrote to Lord Houghton that common-sense and gentleness were Keats"s two special characteristics the worthy Archdeacon meant extremely well, but we prefer the real Keats, with his pa.s.sionate wilfulness, his fantastic moods and his fine inconsistence.

Part of Keats"s charm as a man is his fascinating incompleteness. We do not want him reduced to a sand-paper smoothness or made perfect by the addition of popular virtues. Still, if Mr. Colvin has not given us a very true picture of Keats"s character, he has certainly told the story of his life in a pleasant and readable manner. He may not write with the ease and grace of a man of letters, but he is never pretentious and not often pedantic.

Mr. Rossetti"s book is a great failure. To begin with, Mr. Rossetti commits the great mistake of separating the man from the artist. The facts of Keats"s life are interesting only when they are shown in their relation to his creative activity. The moment they are isolated they are either uninteresting or painful. Mr. Rossetti complains that the early part of Keats"s life is uneventful and the latter part depressing, but the fault lies with the biographer, not with the subject.

The book opens with a detailed account of Keats"s life, in which he spares us nothing, from what he calls the "s.e.xual misadventure at Oxford"

down to the six weeks" dissipation after the appearance of the Blackwood article and the hysterical and morbid ravings of the dying man. No doubt, most if not all of the things Mr. Rossetti tells us are facts; but there is neither tact shown in the selection that is made of the facts nor sympathy in the use to which they are put. When Mr. Rossetti writes of the man he forgets the poet, and when he criticises the poet he shows that he does not understand the man. His first error, as we have said, is isolating the life from the work; his second error is his treatment of the work itself. Take, for instance, his criticism of that wonderful Ode to a Nightingale, with all its marvellous magic of music, colour and form. He begins by saying that "the first point of weakness" in the poem is the "surfeit of mythological allusions," a statement which is absolutely untrue, as out of the eight stanzas of the poem only three contain any mythological allusions at all, and of these not one is either forced or remote. Then coming to the second verse,

Oh for a draught of vintage, that hath been Cool"d a long age in the deep-delved earth, Tasting of Flora and the country-green, Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth!

Mr. Rossetti exclaims in a fine fit of "Blue Ribbon" enthusiasm: "Surely n.o.body wants wine as a preparation for enjoying a nightingale"s music, whether in a literal or in a fanciful relation"! "To call wine "the true, the blushful Hippocrene" . . . seems" to him "both stilted and repulsive"; "the phrase "with beaded bubbles winking at the brim" is (though picturesque) trivial"; "the succeeding image, "Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards"" is "far worse"; while such an expression as "light-winged Dryad of the trees" is an obvious pleonasm, for Dryad really means Oak-nymph! As for that superb burst of pa.s.sion,

Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!

No hungry generations tread thee down; The voice I hear this pa.s.sing night was heard In ancient days by emperor and clown:

Mr. Rossetti tells us that it is a palpable, or rather "palpaple (sic) fact that this address . . . is a logical solecism," as men live longer than nightingales. As Mr. Colvin makes very much the same criticism, talking of "a breach of logic which is also . . . a flaw in the poetry,"

it may be worth while to point out to these two last critics of Keats"s work that what Keats meant to convey was the contrast between the permanence of beauty and the change and decay of human life, an idea which receives its fullest expression in the Ode on a Grecian Urn. Nor do the other poems fare much better at Mr. Rossetti"s hands. The fine invocation in Isabella--

Moan hither, all ye syllables of woe, From the deep throat of sad Melpomene!

Through bronzed lyre in tragic order go, And touch the strings into a mystery,

seems to him "a fadeur"; the Indian Bacchante of the fourth book of Endymion he calls a "sentimental and beguiling wine-bibber," and, as for Endymion himself, he declares that he cannot understand "how his human organism, _with respirative and digestive processes_, continues to exist," and gives us his own idea of how Keats should have treated the subject. An eminent French critic once exclaimed in despair, "Je trouve des physiologistes partout!"; but it has been reserved for Mr. Rossetti to speculate on Endymion"s digestion, and we readily accord to him all the distinction of the position. Even where Mr. Rossetti seeks to praise, he spoils what he praises. To speak of Hyperion as "a monument of Cyclopean architecture in verse" is bad enough, but to call it "a Stonehenge of reverberance" is absolutely detestable; nor do we learn much about The Eve of St. Mark by being told that its "simplicity is full- blooded as well as quaint." What is the meaning, also, of stating that Keats"s Notes on Shakespeare are "somewhat strained and _bloated_"? and is there nothing better to be said of Madeline in The Eve of St. Agnes than that "she is made a very charming and loveable figure, _although she does nothing very particular except to undress without looking behind her, and to elope_"? There is no necessity to follow Mr. Rossetti any further as he flounders about through the quagmire that he has made for his own feet. A critic who can say that "not many of Keats"s poems are highly admirable" need not be too seriously treated. Mr. Rossetti is an industrious man and a painstaking writer, but he entirely lacks the temper necessary for the interpretation of such poetry as was written by John Keats.

It is pleasant to turn again to Mr. Colvin, who criticises always with modesty and often with ac.u.men. We do not agree with him when he accepts Mrs. Owens"s theory of a symbolic and allegoric meaning underlying Endymion, his final judgment on Keats as "the most Shaksperean spirit that has lived since Shakspere" is not very fortunate, and we are surprised to find him suggesting, on the evidence of a rather silly story of Severn"s, that Sir Walter Scott was privy to the Blackwood article.

There is nothing, however, about his estimate of the poet"s work that is harsh, irritating or uncouth. The true Marcellus of English song has not yet found his Virgil, but Mr. Colvin makes a tolerable Statius.

(1) Keats. By Sidney Colvin. "English Men of Letters" Series.

(Macmillan and Co.)

(2) Life of John Keats. By William Michael Rossetti. "Great Writers"

Series. (Walter Scott.)

A SCOTCHMAN ON SCOTTISH POETRY

(Pall Mall Gazette, October 24, 1887.)

A distinguished living critic, born south of the Tweed, once whispered in confidence to a friend that he believed that the Scotch knew really very little about their own national literature. He quite admitted that they love their "Robbie Burns" and their "Sir Walter" with a patriotic enthusiasm that makes them extremely severe upon any unfortunate southron who ventures to praise either in their presence, but he claimed that the works of such great national poets as Dunbar, Henryson and Sir David Lyndsay are sealed books to the majority of the reading public in Edinburgh, Aberdeen and Glasgow, and that few Scotch people have any idea of the wonderful outburst of poetry that took place in their country during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, at a time when there was little corresponding development in England. Whether this terrible accusation be absolutely true, or not, it is needless to discuss at present. It is probable that the archaism of language alone will always prevent a poet like Dunbar from being popular in the ordinary acceptation of the word. Professor Veitch"s book, however, shows that there are some, at any rate, in the "land o" cakes" who can admire and appreciate their marvellous early singers, and whose admiration for The Lord of the Isles and the verses To a Mountain Daisy does not blind them to the exquisite beauties of The Testament of Cresseid, The Thistle and the Rose, and the Dialog betwix Experience and ane Courteour.

Taking as the subject of his two interesting volumes the feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry, Professor Veitch starts with a historical disquisition on the growth of the sentiment in humanity. The primitive state he regards as being simply a sort of "open-air feeling." The chief sources of pleasure are the warmth of the sunshine, the cool of the breeze and the general fresh aspect of the earth and sky, connecting itself with a consciousness of life and sensuous enjoyment; while darkness, storm and cold are regarded as repulsive. This is followed by the pastoral stage in which we find the love of green meadows and of shady trees and of all things that make life pleasant and comfortable.

This, again, by the stage of agriculture, the era of the war with earth, when men take pleasure in the cornfield and in the garden, but hate everything that is opposed to tillage, such as woodland and rock, or that cannot be subdued to utility, such as mountain and sea. Finally we come to the pure nature-feeling, the free delight in the mere contemplation of the external world, the joy in sense-impressions irrespective of all questions of Nature"s utility and beneficence. But here the growth does not stop. The Greek, desiring to make Nature one with humanity, peopled the grove and hillside with beautiful and fantastic forms, saw the G.o.d hiding in the thicket, and the naiad drifting with the stream. The modern Wordsworthian, desiring to make man one with Nature, finds in external things "the symbols of our inner life, the workings of a spirit akin to our own." There is much that is suggestive in these early chapters of Professor Veitch"s book, but we cannot agree with him in the view he takes of the primitive att.i.tude towards Nature. The "open-air feeling," of which he talks, seems to us comparatively modern. The earliest Nature-myths tell us, not of man"s "sensuous enjoyment" of Nature, but of the terror that Nature inspires. Nor are darkness and storm regarded by the primitive man as "simply repulsive"; they are to him divine and supernatural things, full of wonder and full of awe. Some reference, also, should have been made to the influence of towns on the development of the nature-feeling, for, paradox though it may seem, it is none the less true that it is largely to the creation of cities that we owe the love of the country.

Professor Veitch is on a safer ground when he comes to deal with the growth and manifestations of this feeling as displayed in Scotch poetry.

The early singers, as he points out, had all the mediaeval love of gardens, all the artistic delight in the bright colours of flowers and the pleasant song of birds, but they felt no sympathy for the wild solitary moorland, with its purple heather, its grey rocks and its waving bracken. Montgomerie was the first to wander out on the banks and braes and to listen to the music of the burns, and it was reserved for Drummond of Hawthornden to sing of flood and forest and to notice the beauty of the mists on the hillside and the snow on the mountain tops. Then came Allan Ramsay with his honest homely pastorals; Thomson, who writes about Nature like an eloquent auctioneer, and yet was a keen observer, with a fresh eye and an open heart; Beattie, who approached the problems that Wordsworth afterwards solved; the great Celtic epic of Ossian, such an important factor in the romantic movement of Germany and France; Fergusson, to whom Burns is so much indebted; Burns himself, Leyden, Sir Walter Scott, James Hogg and (longo intervallo) Christopher North and the late Professor Shairp. On nearly all these poets Professor Veitch writes with fine judgment and delicate feeling, and even his admiration for Burns has nothing absolutely aggressive about it. He shows, however, a certain lack of the true sense of literary proportion in the amount of s.p.a.ce he devotes to the two last writers on our list. Christopher North was undoubtedly an interesting personality to the Edinburgh of his day, but he has not left behind him anything of real permanent value. There was too much noise in his criticism, too little music in his poetry. As for Professor Shairp, looked on as a critic he was a tragic example of the unfortunate influence of Wordsworth, for he was always confusing ethical with aesthetical questions, and never had the slightest idea how to approach such poets as Sh.e.l.ley and Rossetti whom it was his mission to interpret to young Oxford in his later years; {189} while, considered as a poet, he deserves hardly more than a pa.s.sing reference. Professor Veitch gravely tells us that one of the descriptions of Kilmahoe is "not surpa.s.sed in the language for real presence, felicity of epithet, and purity of reproduction," and statements of this kind serve to remind us of the fact that a criticism which is based on patriotism is always provincial in its result. But it is only fair to add that it is very rarely that Professor Veitch is so extravagant and so grotesque. His judgment and taste are, as a rule, excellent, and his book is, on the whole, a very fascinating and delightful contribution to the history of literature.

The Feeling for Nature in Scottish Poetry. By John Veitch, Professor of Logic and Rhetoric in the University of Glasgow. (Blackwood and Son.)

LITERARY AND OTHER NOTES--I