"No," replied Jonas, "it is not the smoke. I can prove that it is not."
So Jonas came up to the fire where Rollo was standing, and pointed out to Rollo a place, over a hot part of it, where there was no smoke, because the fire under it burned clear, being nearly reduced to coals.
He told Rollo to hold his blazing bark there. Rollo did so, and found that it was extinguished at once, and as completely, as it had been before, when he had held it in a dense smoke.
"Yes," said Rollo, "it isn"t the smoke. But perhaps it is because it is so hot."
"No," said Jonas, "it isn"t that. It is a difference in the air. They sometimes collect different kinds of air in gla.s.s jars, and then let a candle down in, and see whether it will go out."
"And will it go out?" said Rollo.
"That depends upon what kind of air it is," said Jonas. "They all look clear, just as if there was nothing in the jars; but when you let a candle down in, in some it burns just the same as before; in some it burns brighter; and in some it goes out."
"In what kinds does it go out?" asked Rollo.
"I only know of one kind," said Jonas, "and that is a kind that comes of itself in mines, and wells, and other places."
"What is the name of it?" asked Rollo.
"Why, the people in the mines call it choke damp; but I believe it has got another name besides."
"What do they call it choke damp for?" said Rollo.
"Because," said Jonas, "if the miners get into it and breathe it, it kills them. It is not any better to breathe than it is to make fires burn."
"I wish I could see some choke damp," said Rollo.
"O, you can"t see it at all," said Jonas, "if it was right before you, any more than you can see common air. If a well or a mine is full of it, they cannot find it out by looking down."
"How do they find it out?" said Rollo.
"Why, they let a candle down," replied Jonas.
"And will the candle go out?" asked Rollo.
"Yes," said Jonas, "if there is choke damp in the well. Sometimes they make a little of it in a tumbler or a jar upon the table, and so let a little flame down into it, and it goes out immediately."
"I wish we could make some," said Rollo. "Do you know how they make it?"
"No," said Jonas; "but I believe it is pretty easy to do it, if we only knew how."
"I will ask my father," said Rollo; "perhaps he will know."
This conversation took place when Jonas and Rollo were about the fires; but now the fires had pretty nearly burnt out, and they prepared to go home.
That evening, just about sunset, Rollo went out behind the house, and found Jonas raking off the yard. The spring was fast coming on, and the gra.s.s was beginning to look a little green; and Jonas said he wanted to get off all the sticks, chips, and straws, so that the yard would present a surface of smooth and uniform green. Rollo told him that he had found out how to make choke damp.
"Did your father tell you?" said Jonas.
"No," replied Rollo.
"Who did tell you, then?" said Jonas.
"Guess," answered Rollo.
"Your mother," said Jonas.
"No," answered Rollo.
"Then I can"t tell," said Jonas.
"It was Miss Mary," replied Rollo. "I met her in the road to-day, and I asked her."
"And how is it?" asked Jonas.
"Why, we make it with chalk and vinegar," said Rollo. "We pound up a little chalk, and put it in the bottom of a tumbler. Then we pour some vinegar over it. The vinegar takes the choke damp out of the chalk, and Miss Mary says it will come up in little bubbles. She says we can lay a paper over the top loosely,--she said loosely, but I think it ought to be tight."
"Why?" asked Jonas.
"So as to keep the choke damp from coming out," replied Rollo.
"No," said Jonas. "I understand why she said you must put it on loosely; that"s to let the common air out."
"What common air?" said Rollo.
"Why, the air that was in the tumbler before," replied Jonas. "You see that, as fast as the choke damp comes up, it drives the common air out of the top of the tumbler; and so you must put the paper on loosely, and let it go out."
That evening Jonas and Rollo tried the experiment. First they put about two teaspoonfuls of chalk into the tumbler. Then they poured in the vinegar. It immediately began to foam.
"Ah," said Rollo, "that"s the effervescence."
"The what?" said Dorothy; for they were making this experiment upon the kitchen table, and Dorothy was standing by, looking on with great interest.
"The _effervescence_," said Rollo. "Miss Mary said there would be an effervescence, which would be occasioned by the little bubbles of choke damp, coming up from the chalk."
"Poh!" said Dorothy; "it"s nothing but a little frothing."
"It isn"t frothing," said Rollo, very seriously; "it isn"t frothing, it is effervescence. Don"t you think Miss Mary knows?"
"Jonas," said Rollo again after a short pause, "how many of these little bubbles will it take, do you think, to fill the tumbler full of choke damp?"
"I don"t know," replied Jonas; "we will wait a little while, and then try it."
"There, now, Jonas," said Rollo, "we have not got any candle."
"O, I will roll up a piece of paper, and set the end on fire, and then dip it down into the tumbler, and that will do just as well."
"What are you going to do that for?" said Dorothy.
"Why, to see it go out," said Rollo.