For, though separated by the gulf of many centuries from the villa of the Emperor Hadrian at Tivoli, they are virtually ante-chambers to that once magnificent palace.
We might turn from the attractive vista which they reveal but for an alluring phantom which can never be disa.s.sociated from those imperial ruins, a face whose beauty and pathos draws us on irresistibly to solve the mystery of its gentle sadness.
Who, that has stood before the matchless relief of Antinous in the villa Albani, does not agree with the a.s.sertion, that "it is no shadow of sin which gives the pure brow its gravity, and that whatever may be the burden which bows the beautiful head, he bears it with a n.o.ble resignation which proves him superior to his suffering and unsullied by his doom."
[Ill.u.s.tration: Antinous
Bas-relief found at Hadrian"s Villa, now in the Villa Albani]
In the general resurrection of ancient masterpieces which took place during the Renaissance only one, the Apollo Belvedere, commanded wider admiration as a type of manly beauty. But the Apollo is a theatrical manifestation of the popular conception of G.o.d-like perfection, while Antinous makes appeals directly to the heart through his very humanity.
One hundred and thirty-six of his portrait statues, busts, and reliefs have come down to us, and as many engraved gems and coins bearing varying interpretations of his familiar and unmistakable personality; so that it is common to speak of the Antinous type as the last ideal creation of ancient art. And yet we are a.s.sured on the highest authority that Antinous really lived, and that there is historical foundation for the authenticity of these portraits.
"He has a distinct individuality always recognisable," says Gregorovius.
"In every case we see a face bowed down, full of melancholy beauty, with deep-set eyes, slightly arched eyebrows, and abundant curls falling over the forehead. It is the beautiful expression of a nature which combined the Greek and the Asiatic characteristics only slightly idealised. We read the fate of Antinous in this sorrowful figure, for the artists knew of the death of sacrifice to which he dedicated himself, and this mysterious sadness would attract the observer even if he could not give the name to the statue."
But history only whets our curiosity, for ancient writers are neglectful or tantalisingly bald in their allusions to Antinous. We are told only that he was the favourite of Hadrian, the most magnificent and enlightened of all the Roman emperors, who loved the gentle Bithynian youth so extravagantly that he made him his inseparable companion and even contemplated him as his successor; that during the fateful Egyptian journey an oracle announced that the Emperor must shortly die unless a voluntary victim could be found to take upon himself the doom with which he was threatened; and that Antinous unhesitatingly laid down his life for his patron. "Greater love hath no man than this," and Hadrian"s ostentatious lamentation, and even his deification of his friend, seems puerile in comparison with the devotion of Antinous.
No modern author has developed this alluring theme in a satisfactory manner. Ebers in his novel _The Emperor_, is inadequate. He laboriously loads its pages with his carefully verified material, but his imagination is wingless, the result far from convincing.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Ruins of a Gallery of Statues in Hadrian"s Villa
From an etching by Piranesi]
One poet there was, he whose lines head this chapter, endowed with the inspiration to divine, and the power to worthily reveal the secret of the sadness in that haunting face, to which sculptors alone have done full justice. There are hints scattered through his poems that startlingly supplement the vague clues which now tantalise and baffle as we trace the story of Antinous in Hadrian"s villa.
For where history and literature fail us archaeology supplies its circ.u.mstantial evidence, and if we scan, through the crystal lenses of uncoloured truth, the stage where the drama which we seek was enacted we shall see the sculptured semblances of the vanished actors, and be able to surmise in part the lost book of the play.
The ruins of the great pleasure-palace, where the Emperor and his favourite resided during the opening scenes of their history, now lie bleak and bare, exposed to the burning sun and the wandering winds, despoiled even of the vines and flowers with which nature has striven to hide the ravages of man. We must go back to their excavation in the early part of the sixteenth century if we would study the tell-tale _mise-en-scene_.
It was Pirro Ligorio who in 1538 made for Cardinal Ippolito d"Este II.
the first systematic exploration and authoritative map of Hadrian"s villa. A Neapolitan by birth, but called to Rome by his friend Pope Paul IV. (Caraffa), Ligorio, upon his arrival was a.s.sociated with the aged Michael Angelo in the building of St. Peter"s.
With the arrogance of youth he quarrelled with the great master and did not hesitate to speak of him openly as a dotard who had outlived his usefulness and should yield his place to a younger genius. Paul IV. had the wisdom to retain Michael Angelo in his important post, and the tact to take the sting from Ligorio"s removal by giving him the commission for the casino in the Vatican Gardens which (as it was not finished until the pontificate of Pius IV.) was destined to bear the name of the Villa Pia.
Learned authorities have endeavoured to find the original of Ligorio"s masterpiece in some ancient building, whereas the perfect adaptability of its plan to new requirements proves that it could never have been produced earlier than the Renaissance. It has been well epitomised as the "day-dream of an artist who has saturated his mind with the past."
[Ill.u.s.tration: Antinous as Bacchus, in the Museum of the Vatican Permission of Alinari.]
In the profusion of joyous mythological deities which give the facade of the Casino the richness of decoration of a jewel-casket, nymphs and graces dance, Pan flutes, and marine monsters frolic with all the abandon of cla.s.sical feeling, and it is in the ornamental details, not in the conception of the ensemble, that we detect the influence of the Villa of Hadrian. When the papal villa was approaching completion, Ligorio attracted the attention of Cardinal Ippolito d"Este II. (the patron of Ta.s.so) a connoisseur and dilettante in all the arts, who wisely entrusted to the young architect the construction of his famous villa at Tivoli.
The Cardinal had the right to quarry materials from the neighbouring ruins, and among the first of the great discoveries which Ligorio records is that of a statue of Antinous. It depicted the youth under the attributes of Bacchus, and was possibly a replica of the beautiful statue found later at Praeneste and now in the Sala Rotonda of the Vatican.
From the hour that it was carried in triumph to the terraces of Villa d"Este, Ligorio and his patron as well, were taken captive by a new enthusiasm, for a lucky chance had guided the excavators to the most richly ornamented of all the apartments in the Emperor"s wonderful palace--the heavy-folded curtain of Time had rolled upward disclosing the scene of the happiest hours in the short life of Antinous.
An exquisite circular palazzita lay before them, islanded by a marble-lined ca.n.a.l five metres broad from an encircling portico, whose roof was supported by forty Corinthian columns of precious _giallo antico_. Noting the important part played by water in this construction, the ca.n.a.l fed by fountains, whose pipes and mechanism plainly showed within the statues which ornamented the rotunda, Ligorio hastily concluded that this was the Emperor"s natatorium or swimming pool. But the feminine elegance of the fairy-like suite of apartments, to which the ca.n.a.l served as a moat; the presence of drawbridges worked from the centre, thus cutting off or affording communication with the colonnade at the will of the occupant, and evidences that the ca.n.a.l itself was a _nympheum_ or aquatic garden, among whose rose-coloured lotus blossoms white swans glided, flamingoes darted, and tall cl.u.s.ters of papyrus screened the porticoes from the gaze of pa.s.sers, favoured the conclusion that this pavilion of all delight was designed for some beautiful woman royally beloved. The frieze of loves, mounted upon hippocampi imitating the games of the circus, which Ligorio copied in the vestibule of the Villa Pia formed a part of the decoration lavished here.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Alinari_
Villa Pia in the Garden of the Vatican
Pirro Ligorio, architect]
The conspicuous situation of the palazzita between the basilica and the imperial apartments, to which its encircling colonnade served as a corridor of communication, indicated that the lady was not a favourite of low degree, to be hidden away in some Rosalind"s bower of the immense labyrinthine palace, while the most valuable statues in the entire villa, such as the replica of the Cnidian Venus by Praxiteles, the Eros bending the bow, by the same master, made this temple of love and Venus a fitting pavilion for an empress. Such it may well have been, for here was found the sculptured portrait of Faustina, the wife of Antoninus Pius, Hadrian"s successor, who resided in the villa both before and after the death of Antinous.
She was the beautiful mother of a more beautiful daughter of the same name, an empress in her turn, and both branded by a historian of the time as infamous.
Swinburne"s apostrophe in _Ave Faustina Imperatrix_ applies equally to the portrait bust of mother or daughter:
"Your throat, Strong, heavy, throwing out the face, And hard, bright chin And shameful, scornful lips that grace Their shame, Faustine."
But it is possible that Swinburne was too hasty in accepting ancient gossip, and that both the Faustinas were maligned. "Modern scholarship,"
says Monsieur Victor Duruy, "argues for their rehabilitation, and chiefly because the husbands of each, good and wise men both, have left such unequivocal testimony of their respect."
"To the G.o.ds," wrote Marcus Aurelius of the younger Faustina, "I am indebted that I have such a wife, so obedient, so affectionate, and so simple."
And after the death of his wife (Faustina the elder) Antoninus Pius cried in his grief: "O G.o.d, I would rather live with her in a desert than without her in this palace."
In this enchanting palazzita the younger Faustina may have pa.s.sed her childhood, while the scholarly boy, Marcus Aurelius, her cousin, listened to the disquisitions of the philosophers as they discussed great problems with the Emperor.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Alinari_
Villa Pia, Vatican
The Rotondo--Pirro Ligorio, architect]
Hadrian loved the lad, and for his absolute truthfulness nicknamed him Verissimus, making him a knight at the age of six. He was the comrade of Antinous, and as they pa.s.sed to and fro together through colonnaded rotonda they must have often noted the young mother (she was sixteen when married) and her bewitching child, waving white hands from across the lily-padded moat.
Here, then, are certain of the actors, as well as our _mise-en-scene_, and Marcus Aurelius, in his _Meditations_, has himself given us a hint as to the drama. "Forget not," he writes, "that in times gone by everything has already happened just as it is happening. Place before thine eyes whole dramas with the same endings, the same scenes, just as thou knowest them by thine own experience, or from earlier history--such, for example, as the whole Court of Hadrian."
If with these instructions we remember Marcus Aurelius"s still more significant words, "Even in a palace life may be well led," each of us can according to his own fancy divine the secret which Antinous kept so well.
Had Ligorio given to literature the sympathetic imagination which he displayed in his art it might have been worthily revealed. For ten years he explored with the most intense enthusiasm the interminable apartments which were to prove an inexhaustible mine of art for modern museums, and whose bibliography would fill a library. Then in 1572 his munificent patron died, and the work suddenly came to an end.
For two centuries the Villa of Hadrian lay neglected until new discoveries revived popular interest, and a young German scholar was called to superintend the building and installation of the last of the great villas erected in Rome by a member of its hierarchical aristocracy.
There exists such striking parallelism in the history of the Villa d"Este and the Villa Albani, and on such identical lines was the work carried on that it would almost seem that, the duration of human life not being sufficient to complete it, Cardinal Ippolito and Pirro Ligorio were granted reincarnation for another fifty years in Cardinal Albani and his friend Winckelmann.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Eros Bending the Bow
Capitoline Museum]
[Ill.u.s.tration: Faun of Praxiteles
Capitoline Museum]
Notwithstanding the many masterpieces secured by Cardinal d"Este it was known from ancient records that the greatest treasures of the Villa Hadriana had escaped his eager search, having been so securely hidden on the invasion of the Goths, that they evaded as well all other plunderers. But early in the eighteenth century Gavin Hamilton, commissioned to secure antiques for the British Museum, drained an extensive marsh called the Pantello and found it to be the depository in which Belisarius had secreted the missing statues on the approach of Totila.[10] From this hiding-place there emerged between 1730 and 1780, the _Antinous_ of the museum of the Capitol and the relief of the Villa Albani together with the _Resting Faun_ of Praxiteles which so captivated the imagination of Hawthorne, and many another famous work of art now the glory of some far distant museum.