10,655. Do you think it is possible for a shopkeeper to prosper in Shetland who is not engaged in the fishcuring business?-I think so.
10,656. Even under the present system?-Yes; because there is a good deal of money among the people, irrespective of the fishing.
They have their produce, and they are not compelled to go with it all to the fishcurer. There are several shops in this island, the keepers of which, I believe, are doing very well.
10,657. Do you know anything as to the season at which these shops have the largest sale?-I do not.
10,658. Would it be a fair inference, from what you know of the state of things here, to say that the receipts of these shops are much larger in the spring, when the men have got a little cash at settlement, than they are at other periods of the year?-I daresay they are. I cannot speak of that from my own experience; but I believe that these shops advance a number of the fishermen who are fishing, perhaps, to Spence & Co. or others, and take the chance of getting payment when the men receive their money.
10,659. But that is a chance which comes to nothing, or falls altogether, if the men happen to have run up a large account at Spence & Co."s shop?-Necessarily so.
10,660. So that these dealers run a considerable risk in giving credit at all?-Yes.
10,661. Do you think a large firm, which is engaged both in the shop business and in the fish-curing business, [Page 260] has a great hold over the fishermen, so as to secure their services for the fishing season?-That depends entirely upon the place and the circ.u.mstances. If the firm has control over the men, from having a lease of the lands on which they live, they must necessarily have a great influence over them.
10,662. But may such a control not be obtained merely by them having, a number of the men in debt?-I believe it may.
10,663. Are you aware of such control having been exercised by fish-merchants in Shetland?-I have heard about it, but it is not within my own knowledge. My own experience has been that indebted men and bound men are the most difficult men to deal with, and that a clear independent man is the man easiest to deal with in every way.
10,664. Is there any other general statement which you wish to make with regard to the state of Shetland?-I don"t remember any.
I would mention with regard to the Buness estate, that we have offered leases to a great number of the tenants, but they don"t seem inclined to take them.
10,665. Are you acquainted with the rules which have been laid down on the neighbouring estate of Major Cameron?-Yes.
10,666. Do you know how far the tenants have been adopting them?-I believe they are working into them gradually.
10,667. The lease in that case is rather a short one, is it not?-I think it is too short for an agricultural lease, especially with the obligations they are under.
10,668. Do you mean with regard to peats and scattalds?-No; I mean especially the obligations they are under with regard to improvements.
10,669. There are obligations to make certain improvements, and to uphold and improve the houses?-I believe so.
10,670. Do you think these obligations are a reason why the rules and regulations have not been more generally complied with?-I don"t know. Of course it is very difficult to get a people who have been accustomed to a particular system, and who are wedded to their old ideas, to change; but I think the people here are now beginning to see, after two or three years" trial, that it is to be for their own advantage, and that they will go on with it.
10,671. The leases which you offered on the Buness estate were, I suppose, intended to introduce a similar system of improvements?-Yes; but the tenants always seem to think that if they sign a lease for fourteen or nineteen years they are binding themselves. They would wish to be free to go any year they like, but to have the proprietor bound not to turn them off. That, in my experience, is the reason why leases are not popular as a general rule.
10,672. Can you give any information as to the ordinary diet of a Shetland fisherman and his family?-I believe they live very much better than the same cla.s.s in England or in Scotland, or I should perhaps say more expensively.
10,673. What distinction do you draw between these two things?- They use a great deal of tea and biscuit and loaf, which the same cla.s.s in Scotland don"t use.
10,674. I thought that loaves were generally unattainable in some parts of Shetland?-They are not so in this island.
10,675. Have they not to be brought from Lerwick?-Yes, but they are brought in great quant.i.ties.
10,676. Is not oatmeal the staple article of food?-They use it to a great extent; but I don"t think they use it in the form in which it ought to be used. I don"t think that too much tea and very little bread is good for the working man.
10,677. In what form is the oatmeal mostly used?-I suppose it is used in bread, but I don"t know exactly. I don"t think, as it general rule, they use porridge, which is the most economical way of using oatmeal.
10,678. Is a large quant.i.ty of fish used for the diet of the fishermen?-I believe there is in summer time, and also when it can be got in winter.
10,679. Would you say that that is the princ.i.p.al article of diet along with the oatmeal?-I should say that fish and potatoes were the princ.i.p.al articles of diet.
10,680. Is butcher meat sometimes used by them?-I believe it is very seldom.
10,681. But with fish, potatoes, meal, bread, and biscuits, the population of the island are supplied to a sufficient extent?-Yes.
10,682. And they are more than amply supplied with tea?-I think so.
10,683. Has there been an improvement on the houses within your time?-I think there has. We tried to make the houses, when we were building new ones, better than the old ones were.
10,684. Are new houses upon the estates here generally built by the proprietor?-Always, except when sometimes a man takes a small bit of hill or scattald, and then he will make a small house for himself.
10,685. Is that often done?-Not often.
10,686. Is that the origin of many of the houses now existing?-In some parts of Shetland I think it is, but I don"t think it is to a large extent in Unst.
10,687. In Unst the houses are more commonly built by the proprietors?-Yes; because there are not in Unst a great proportion of what are called offsets-places which have been taken in from the bill.
10,688. The island has been longer under cultivation?-I think so.
10,689. Then you cannot speak generally of the character of the house accommodation throughout Shetland?-I cannot.
10,690. Would you think that here it is rather better than in other places?-I think so. Unst houses are generally built 28 feet by 12, and about 7 feet high and they contain two rooms. They are built with stone and clay, harled with lime, and covered with thatch and turf.
10,691. In Unst I suppose the houses now have generally chimneys?-Yes, mostly-one in each house.
10,692. Is it in the middle?-No, it is at one end and many of them have still an open fire at the kitchen end, sometimes in the middle, and sometimes at the gable; but we have built chimneys to some of the tenants in both ends.
10,693. Where there is an open fire, what is the exit for the smoke?-It goes through holes in the thatch left there for the purpose. These holes are left for air, and to allow the smoke to go out.
10,694. Was that the ordinary character of the Shetland houses until lately?-I think so.
10,695. There were no chimneys?-No.
10,696. Are the windows generally glazed now?-Yes; but in many of the old houses they had no windows.
10,697. Do some of these houses still exist in Unst?-I don"t know any now, but there may be some for anything I know.
10,698. Are there any in other parts of Shetland?-I have seen them in more remote parts of Northmaven, but that may be a year or two ago.
10,699. You cannot say whether that is a common style of house in other parts of Shetland?-I cannot.
10,700. Have you any observations to make upon the printed evidence that was given in Edinburgh?-I think not.
Baltasound, Unst, January 19, 1872, Rev. WILLIAM SMITH, examined.
10,701. You have been for some time the clergyman of this parish?-For nearly three years.
10,702. During that time you have been a good deal among the people, and you are acquainted with the system that prevails of long payments of wages, and of running accounts?-I am acquainted with that from conversations with the men.