13,326. With regard to Fair Isle, is there a standing prohibition against other traders dealing with the inhabitants [Page 332]
there?-To a certain extent there is. I don"t object to people trading there if they confine themselves to hosiery and eggs, and that sort of thing; but what I am afraid of is, that persons may go there and buy fish.
13,327. The inhabitants there are under an obligation, as a condition of their tenure, to fish for you?-Yes.
13,328. As the landlord, do you place a restriction upon the sale of their cattle also?-Yes, there is a rule to that effect, but it is a very lax one.
13,329. Is it not virtually the result of the obligation to fish or to sell cattle to the proprietor alone, that the proprietor has the power of fixing the price, and that the tenant has no option at all with regard to that in either case?-That is not the result. Even although the proprietor buys the cattle and prevents any one else from competing with him, still he respects public opinion so far, that he gives the full value for the animal.
13,330. Then public opinion is the only check upon the proprietor, and of course his own sense of right?-That is his only check.
13,331. How do you ascertain the current price of fish, according to which you pay your men at the end of the year?-There is an understanding among the princ.i.p.al fish-curers with regard to that.
13,332. Is there a consultation upon the subject?-Yes, either directly or indirectly, and they all pay the same.
13,333. Do you send your fish Scotland generally, or do you send them abroad?-I send them princ.i.p.ally to Ireland. Our fishing here is princ.i.p.ally for saith, which is not carried on to any great extent in any part of the country except in this parish; and that kind of fish only finds a market in Ireland.
13,334. Did you pay as high a price for saith last year as Mr. Smith and Mr. Tulloch?-No. I have not settled yet for last year.
13,335. But you did not get such a price for your saith last year as would justify you in paying so high a rate?-I did not; and I can explain the reason. These small curers send their fish away in retail lots, and realize a price for them that no large curer can get.
13,336. Have the small curers more trouble in selling?-They have much more trouble; but they do the work themselves, and they don"t take that into account.
13,337. Does that not show that fishermen curing on a small scale on their own behalf might realize higher prices if they could cure equally well with the large curers?-Not if all the fishermen were on that footing. Unless they entered into some sort of co-operation, they could not get their fish sent to market at all.
13,338. Would they not be likely to sell them through travellers coming up for the purpose of buying fish?-Yes.
13,339. The returns with which you are to furnish me will apply to the year 1870, as you have not yet settled for the year 1871?-Yes.
*Mr Bruce afterwards put in the following additional statement:- I may here mention that stores such as I keep at the stations for the convenience of the fishermen do not pay as a speculation, though we could not very well carry on the business without them.
For instance, the store at Grutness, some of the accounts of which you examined, would show a balance-sheet thus- Gross value of goods charged against the shop at retail prices during season 1870 410 11 21/2 Cost value of goods at the various markets.313 0 10 Freights on do. 28 16 4 12 tons coals at 21s. allowed to storekeeper; say fire and light 15 0 0 Wages to storekeeper-I pay 70 say for store 40 0 0 Nominal profit, say 13 14 0410 11 21/2
But against this nominal profit has to be placed rent of shop, and house occupied by storekeeper, incidents such as stationery, wrapping paper, twine, furniture, etc., interest on capital invested in goods, loss in retailing goods, bad debts, and loss by deterioration of goods on hand.
These figures are not supposed to be exactly correct, but they are substantially so, and at all events are near enough to show that these stores, as managed by me, do not pay, and would certainly never be kept with a view to profit were they not required as a matter of convenience.
In a place like Fair Isle, with a population of only 226, there is only room for one store.
As I have to keep a store there for the convenience of the islanders, I discourage them from trading with any one else, as the only chance to make my store pay is to get the whole or the greater part of their custom.
Though there is a rule that the islanders shall not trade with others, I have never enforced this rule where I believed the parties visiting the island did not attempt to buy fish-in fact, in many cases I have given liberty to parties to trade with the islanders; and the only case in which I have enforced the rule, as in the case of a man from Orkney who, I had evidence to prove, stole my fish from the station at night, and shipped it on board of his vessel.
I have no poor-rates and no paupers in Fair Isle, and I have never evicted a tenant. If a widow or other poor person can"t pay their rents they sit rent free, and get help from their friends, and my manager has orders to see that no one starves.
I may mention that I have some property of my own in Sandwick parish where the tenants are free to fish to whom they like, and they do not fish for me; but they pay good rents, and are not in arrears.
I also manage a property in the parish of Cunningsburgh belonging to my father. It consists of 69 holdings, at a rental of 194, 19s. 7d. and the arrears of rent due on the property when I took the management of it in 1869 amounted to487 10 3 Since then I have received payment of 97 9 21/2 And have written off in compromise with tenants deeply in debt, sums to the amount of 63 11 7 Thereby reducing the balance to326 9 5 487 10 3
These tenants are free to fish to whom they like, and none of them fish to me. I have not yet evicted any tenant, and if they go on as they are doing I may have to make no change; but should they fail to pay their rents as in times past, I must either evict the non-payers, or take the fishing into my own hands.
JOHN BRUCE, jun.
SUMBURGH, SHETLAND, 1. 1872.Boddam, Dunrossness, January 26, 1872, ROBERT HENDERSON (recalled), examined.
13,340. I understand you want to make some explanation of your previous evidence?-Yes. I said that when we bought fish we paid for them when they were delivered. As a rule we do, and any party who wishes to be paid at once can be paid at once; but sometimes, when a few men are going in one boat, they wish merely to have the weight of the fish marked, and then have it squared off perhaps in a month or two or at the end of the fishing.
13,341. You are speaking now of the winter and spring fish?- Yes.
13,342. So that you have some accounts for fish?-Yes.
13,343. And these may be liquidated partly by the men taking goods?-Yes, just as they like.
13,344. In these cases, is there a ledger account with the goods on the one side and the fish on the other?-Yes, if the men choose to have it so; but it is entirely at their own option whether they are to be paid at once or whether the fish are to be put into the account.
13,345. What may be the amount of these accounts generally?- Will they be as much as 2 or 3?-Yes; sometimes 4 or 5.
13,346. In some of these cases no cash may pa.s.s at all?-As a rule, the men wish, to have the cash placed to the credit of their private accounts; but if they wish cash at once they can get it.
13,347. Will you have 20 or 30 of these accounts in a year?-No.
There may be four or five accounts for crews in that way, but they are the exception. As a rule, we pay for the fish when we receive them.
Boddam, Dunrossness, January 26, 1872, OGILVY JAMIESON, examined.
13,348. You are shopkeeper at Mr. Grierson"s shop at Quendale?-I am.
13,349. Do you also act as factor or overseer on his property?- Generally I do.
13,350. Do you keep all the books connected with the fish-curing and shop business?-Yes.
13,351. How many fishermen are employed by Grierson?- Perhaps from 80 to 100 hands, men and boys.
13,352. How many do you employ in the curing?-Generally 14 or 16.
13,353. When you take on a boy as a beach boy, is he paid by a fee?-Yes.
13,354. That is settled like the fishermen"s accounts at the end of the season?-Generally; but sometimes they want to know their wages before and they are told what they are.
13,355. Do you ever pay these fees as advances, or during the course of the season?-Generally, when they require anything, they get it from the shop, and the balance is paid in cash, or the whole amount is paid in cash if they have taken no advances.
13,356. I suppose a beach boy, or one employed in the fish-curing, generally begins by opening an account and taking out supplies?- Sometimes they do, and sometimes not. Some of them have not taken out more than perhaps 2s. during the whole season.
13,357. Do three-fourths of them run up accounts?-They generally do to a small extent, but not to the full amount of their wages.
13,358. What is the average fee for a boy?-It is generally 30s. for the first year, and it is advanced according as they are found to be worth it. 50s. was the highest we paid the boys this year.
13,359. Will a boy ever have 10s. or 1 to get at the end of the year?-Yes, and sometimes more. I should wish to state that we had a boy last-indeed we have had him for two years-over whom we have no control. Last year he had 25s., and in the present year he was engaged for 27s. but I paid him 30s.
13,360. I understand there are some of the boys over whom you have control?-Yes.
13,361. That is to say, they are the sons of tenants?-Yes; and it is one of the conditions of their holdings, that they have to supply boys when they have them suitable for the purpose.
13,362. That is one of the conditions, in the same way as it is a condition of their holdings, that if the tenants themselves engage in ling fishing at all, they shall fish for Mr. Grierson?-Yes.