13,594. But most of your supplies you get elsewhere-at Scalloway or Lerwick?-Yes.
13,595. Do all the men in your vessel keep accounts at Harrison & Son"s, and get their supplies there?-Yes.
13,596. You purchase your own lines and hooks for Faroe?-Yes.
A lead of lines for each man will cost about 11s.
13,597. Is that the only fishing expense that you have?-Yes; but perhaps we may have two leads of lines in one summer.
13,598. Do you always purchase them from the owners?-Yes; or they are put on board the vessel, and the men take them as they require them. The master keeps an account of that.
13,599. How do you do on the Iceland voyage for these fishing supplies?-The men pay hire for their lines on the Iceland voyage.
13,600. Then the lines in that case are at the owners risk?-Yes.
13,601. If they are lost, do the owners bear the loss?-The men have to pay for them if they lose them, and if they return them they only pay hire for them.
Lerwick, January 27, 1872, WILLIAM ROBERTSON, recalled.
13,602. You have handed in an agreement for the year 1871 with the crew of the "Royal Tar?"-Yes.
13,603. Is that the form that is always used by Mr. Leask in agreements for the Faroe fishing?-Perhaps a word or two may vary, but that is the substance of the agreement. It is in this form:
"Royal Tar."
"We, the undersigned, hereby agree to prosecute the cod and other fishings ,in the said vessel wherever required by the master or owner during the fishing season of 1871, that is, from the time we are requested to join the vessel until the end of August if required, it being understood that one half of the net proceeds of the fishing belong to the owner of the vessel, and the other half to be divided among the crew in the proportions set opposite their respective names; the owner supplying the crew with 1 lb. of bread per man per day." Then follow the men"s names and residences, and their ages, the last ship in which they were employed, their capacity as master, mate, second mate, sharesman, or half, or three-quarter sharesman, as the case may be. In the next column there is given the rate per ton of premium or extra above the share, being 9s. in this case to the master, 3s. 6d. to the mate, and 1s. to the second mate. Then follows the rate of score money to each man, being in this case 6d. throughout. There is also a column for observations, in which it is noted opposite the names of three men, and as much as he is worth; how is that fixed?-It is left to the discretion of the princ.i.p.al men of the vessel.
13,604. Is anything else of importance ever entered in the column for observations?-If anything occurs, of course it will be entered.
I may mention that the time when the men generally have to join the ship is about the middle of March. That time is not fixed by the agreement; it is merely said that they have to join when they are requested.
13,605. What do you do about an Iceland voyage?-The Iceland voyage generally commences about the middle of August, after the Faroe voyage is over. The agreement does not refer to that.
13,606. Do they make a separate agreement for an Iceland voyage, the men being paid by wages?-Yes.
13,607. I understand you have something to add to your previous evidence?-Yes. When my examination ceased previously, I think I was speaking about the work-people, and I have now brought one of the time-books to show the proportion of money and of goods received by each. [Produces book.]
13,608. That is a time-book for the work-people employed in 1871 at Sound beach, which is about a mile from Lerwick?-Yes. It shows the amount of cash paid, the balance, of course, being the amount of their accounts for the week.
13,609. The first name is M"Gowan Gray?-He is the superintendent.
13,610. The entry in his case is, Cash 2s., time 6, wages 10s.: what does that mean?-He has 10s. a week of wages, six days a week, and 2s. is the cash he has to get.
13,611. The entry in the inner column is made at pay-day, showing the amount of cash he has to get?-Yes.
13,612. How is the amount of cash ascertained?-We have a ledger account with each individual, which is settled every week, but perhaps it may not be balanced. We do not generally balance until the end of the year, but we square accounts before.
13,613. Is the account squared to ascertain the amount of cash payable?-Yes, the amount of cash due to the individual.
13,614. Is that not a sufficient balance for the whole?-I daresay it comes to the same thing as a sufficient balance, only the account is not ruled off.
13,615. Is it done in pencil?-It is done in ink, but it is not ruled off in lines; it is not added up.
13,616. But there is an addition made in the inner column in ink: how is that done?-It is just like any ordinary account, with double money columns. The wages are credited; then the goods stand against them, and the balance is charged, so that the one squares the other.
13,617. Is that done each week?-Yes.
13,618. Are the balances entered here always paid in cash?- Always.
13,619. Are they never allowed to lie?-Not with the work-people.
13,620. Is the week ending 2d Sept. 1871, of which this- [showing]-is the account, a fair average of a [Page 339] week throughout the season?-I think it will be about a fair average.
13,621. It shows 5, 17s. 5d. as the total amount of wages earned; and of that, 3, 19s. 7d. was paid in cash at the end of the week, the rest having been taken out in the course of the week in goods?-Yes, princ.i.p.ally in provisions.
13,622. I see that in one case it had been altogether taken out in goods, and there was no cash due?-Yes, but in others you will find that there has been nothing taken out, and that the whole was paid in cash.
13,623. I see that in six cases cash has been paid in full out of twenty-seven people employed altogether?-Yes.
13,624. I fancy that in that week rather more has been paid in cash than the average, because in the following week 2, 9s. 2d. was due, and 1, 1s. 6d. was paid in cash. In another week 4, 12s. 2d.
was payable, and 1, 11s. 10d. was paid in cash. In another week 4, 6s. 9d. was payable, and 1, 4s. 5d. was paid in cash, there being twenty-five persons employed in that week. Then, in the last week which appears in the book 3, 14s. 7d. was payable, and 1, 2s. 7d. was paid in cash, there being twenty-five persons employed then also?-Yes; people, of course, require the same amount of provisions, whether they earn much or little, the amount of their balance in cash being less where the work has been less.
13,625. In the Faroe fishing formerly-I am not speaking of Mr.
Leask"s business only, but of your general knowledge of the country-was it the case that tenants were held under an obligation to fish for particular persons, just as they now are in some places in the ling fishing?-I am not aware of any tenants having been compelled or bound to fish to their proprietor in the Faroe fishing, either now or formerly.
13,626. When was the Faroe fishing introduced into Shetland?-I think about 1851 or 1852.
13,627. Have you known cases in which proprietors or tacksmen attempted to get their ships manned from their estates, not by compulsion, but by persuasion or influence?-I am not aware of any compulsion having been used at all.
13,628. When the Faroe fishing was first introduced, was it not the case that a merchant"s smacks were manned for the most part from lands of which he was proprietor or tacksman?-I believe that is quite true, because when a merchant had tenants he invariably got the preference from them; but they were not bound to go to the fishing for him.
13,629. There was not such a demand for places on board Faroe vessels at that time as there is now?-Nothing like it.
13,630. Now the service has become more popular?-Yes; and the number of the ships has increased considerably, so that the number of men required is far greater.
13,631. Is there always an ample supply of men for that fishing?- Not always.
13,632. When men fall short, what means do you adopt to increase the supply? Have you to canvas for men, or do you raise your terms, or what is done?-There is very little difference in the terms. Men have been very scarce this season in consequence of the bad fishing last year, but we have not altered the terms. I remember one year we had to offer wages as an inducement to the men to ship. In 1861 there was a bad fishing, and in 1862 we had to guarantee them 1, 10s. a month of wages; but I don"t think fishermen in general like wages.
13,633. Have you ever had recourse to any other means except persuasion to fill up your vessels not except persuasion; but we have not been at a great loss for men. We have generally had as many as we required, until this season. I don"t think we will be able to get as many as we require this season, because of the bad fishing last year.
13,634. I suppose the great bulk of the business in Mr. Leask"s shop pa.s.ses through accounts with fishermen and others?-Yes, the great bulk of it.
13,635. When a man pays in cash for the goods he buys, does he get a discount?-No. We price the goods at the very lowest at the commencement, and we don"t alter the prices.
13,636. There are not two prices, according as the man pays in cash or takes it out in his account?-No, it is all the same price.
13,637. Then a man has no advantage in paying cash?-None whatever.
13,638. And he is not expected to pay in cash?-Not if he be employed by Mr. Leask. Of course we sell a great quant.i.ty of goods for cash to persons whom we don"t employ, both in the provision shop and also in the draper.