The boundaries of this family as given by Gallatin are substantially in accordance with our present knowledge of the subject. The southern boundary is somewhat indeterminate owing to the fact, ascertained by the census agents in 1880, that the Haida tribes extend somewhat farther north than was formerly supposed and occupy the southeast half of Prince of Wales Island. About lat.i.tude 56, or the mouth of Portland Ca.n.a.l, indicates the southern limit of the family, and 60, or near the mouth of Atna River, the northern limit. Until recently they have been supposed to be exclusively an insular and coast people, but Mr. Dawson has made the interesting discovery[63] that the Tagish, a tribe living inland on the headwaters of the Lewis River, who have hitherto been supposed to be of Athapascan extraction, belong to the Koluschan family.
This tribe, therefore, has crossed the coast range of mountains, which for the most part limits the extension of this people inland and confines them to a narrow coast strip, and have gained a permanent foothold in the interior, where they share the habits of the neighboring Athapascan tribes.
[Footnote 63: Annual Report of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1887.]
TRIBES.
Auk.
Chilcat.
Hanega.
Hoodsunu.
Hunah.
Kek.
Sitka.
Stahkin.
Tagish.
Taku.
Tongas.
Yakutat.
_Population._--The following figures are from the census of 1880.[64]
The total population of the tribes of this family, exclusive of the Tagish, is 6,437, distributed as follows:
Auk 640 Chilcat 988 Hanega (including Kouyon and Klanak) 587 Hoodsunu 666 Hunah 908 Kek 568 Sitka 721 Stahkin 317 Taku 269 Tongas 273 Yakutat 500
[Footnote 64: Petroff, Report on the Population, Industries, and Resources of Alaska, 1884, p. 33.]
KULANAPAN FAMILY.
X Kula-napo, Gibbs in Schoolcraft, Ind. Tribes, III, 431, 1853 (the name of one of the Clear Lake bands).
> Mendocino (?), Latham in Trans. Philolog. Soc. Lond., 77, 1856 (name suggested for Choweshak, Batemdaikai, Kulanapo, Yukai, Khwaklamayu languages). Latham, Opuscula, 343, 1860. Latham, El. Comp. Phil., 410, 1863 (as above).
> Pomo, Powers in Overland Monthly, IX, 498, Dec., 1873 (general description of habitat and of family). Powers in Cont. N.A. Eth., III, 146, 1877. Powell, ibid., 491 (vocabularies of Gal-li-no-m-ro, Yo-kai-a, Ba-tem-da-kaii, Chau-i-shek, Yu-kai, Ku-la-na-po, Hhana, Venaambakaiia, Ka-bi-na-pek, Chwachamaju). Gatschet in Mag. Am.
Hist., 16, 1877 (gives habitat and enumerates tribes of family).
Gatschet in Beach, Ind. Misc., 436, 1877. Keane, App. Stanfords Comp.
(Cent, and So. Am.), 476, 1878 (includes Castel Pomos, Ki, Cahto, Choam, Chadela, Matomey Ki, Usal or Calamet, Shebalne Pomos, Gallinomeros, Sanels, Socoas, Lamas, Comachos).
< pomo,="" bancroft,="" nat.="" races,="" iii,="" 566,="" 1882="" (includes="" ukiah,="" gallinomero,="" masallamagoon,="" gualala,="" matole,="" kulanapo,="" sanl,="" yonios,="" choweshak,="" batemdakaie,="" chocuyem,="" olamentke,="" kainamare,="">
Of these, Chocuyem and Olamentke are Moquelumnan).
The name applied to this family was first employed by Gibbs in 1853, as above cited. He states that it is the name of one of the Clear Lake bands, adding that the language is spoken by all the tribes occupying the large valley. The distinctness of the language is now generally admitted.
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.
The main territory of the Kulanapan family is bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Yukian and Copehan territories, on the north by the watershed of the Russian River, and on the south by a line drawn from Bodega Head to the southwest corner of the Yukian territory, near Santa Rosa, Sonoma County, California. Several tribes of this family, viz, the Kastel Pomo, Kai Pomo, and Kato Pomo, are located in the valley between the South Fork of Eel River and the main river, and on the headwaters of the South Fork, extending thence in a narrow strip to the ocean. In this situation they were entirely cut off from the main body by the intrusive Yuki tribes, and pressed upon from the north by the warlike Wailakki, who are said to have imposed their language and many of their customs upon them and as well doubtless to have extensively intermarried with them.
TRIBES.
Ball Ka Pomo, Oat Valley People.
Batemdikyi.
Bldam Pomo (Rio Grande or Big River).
Chawishek.
Choam Chadila Pomo (Capello).
Chwachamaj.
Dpishul Pomo (Redwood Caon).
Eastern People (Clear Lake about Lakeport).
Ero (mouth of Russian River).
Erssi (Fort Ross).
Gallinomro (Russian River Valley below Cloverdale and in Dry Creek Valley).
Grualla (northwest corner of Sonoma County).
Kabinapek (western part of Clear Lake basin).
Kaim (above Healdsburgh).
Kai Pomo (between Eel River and South Fork).
Kastel Pomo (between Eel River and South Fork).
Kato Pomo, Lake People.
Komcho (Anderson and Rancheria Valleys).
Kul Kai Pomo (Sherwood Valley).
Kulanapo.
Lma (Russian River Valley).
Mislamagun or Musakakun (above Healdsburgh).
Mitom Kai Pomo, Wooded Valley People (Little Lake).
Poam Pomo.
Senel (Russian River Valley).
Shdo Ka Pomo (Coyote Valley).
Sako (Russian River Valley).
Soka (Russian River Valley).
Yokya Pomo, Lower Valley People (Ukiah City).
Yusl (or Kmalel) Pomo, Ocean People (on coast and along Yusal Creek).
KUSAN FAMILY.
= Ksa, Gatschet in Mag. Am. Hist., 257, 1883.
Derivation: Milhau, in a ma.n.u.script letter to Gibbs (Bureau of Ethnology), states that Coos in the Rogue River dialect is said to mean lake, lagoon or inland bay.
The Kaus or Kwokwoos tribe is merely mentioned by Hale as living on a river of the same name between the Umqua and the Clamet.[65] Lewis and Clarke[66] also mention them in the same location as the Cookkoo-oose.
The tribe was referred to also under the name Kaus by Latham,[67] who did not attempt its cla.s.sification, having in fact no material for the purpose.
[Footnote 65: U.S. Expl. Exp., 1846, vol. 6, p, 221.]