[Footnote 149: Simc.o.x, _loc. cit._, Vol. I, p. 211.]
[Footnote 150: Ibid.]
[Footnote 151: Morgan, _Ancient Society_, p. 169.]
[Footnote 152: Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._, Vol. VI, p. 20.]
[Footnote 153: Ellis, _Tour through Hawaii_, p. 391.]
[Footnote 154: Waitz-Gerland, _loc. cit._, Vol. VI, pp. 201-3.]
[Footnote 155: J. Lippert, _Kulturgeschichte_, Vol. II, p. 342.]
[Footnote 156: C.C. Closson, "The Hierarchy of European Races."
_American Journal of Sociology_, Vol. III, pp. 315ff.]
[Footnote 157: William James, _Principles of Psychology_, Vol. II, pp.
410ff.]
[Footnote 158: _Journals of Two Expeditions_, Vol. II, p. 317.]
[Footnote 159: I have alluded in more than one paper to the theory of tropisms, but this does not imply an acceptance of this theory as stated by Loeb (_Der Heliotropismus der Thiere und seine Uebereinstimmung mil dem Heliotropismus der Pflanzen_), Vervorn (_Das lebendige Substanz_), and other representatives of the "mechanical"
school of physiologists. The recent researches of Jennings seem to establish the view that reactions of the lower organisms to stimulation are less mechanical than has been a.s.sumed by this school.
The current theory holds that "the action of the stimulus is directly on the motor organs of that part of the organism upon which the stimulus impinges, thus giving rise to changes in the state of contraction, which produce orientation." Jennings finds that "the responses to stimuli are usually reactions of the organisms as wholes, brought about by some physiological change produced by the stimulus.... The organism reacts as a unit, not as the sum of a number of independently reacting organs." H.S. Jennings, "The Theory of Tropisms," _Contributions to the Study of the Behavior of the Lower Organisms_ (Publications of the Carnegie Inst.i.tution, 1904), pp. 106, 107.]
[Footnote 160: Cf. J.R. Angell and Helen B. Thompson, "A Study of the Relations between Certain Organic Processes and Consciousness," _The University of Chicago Contributions to Philosophy_, Vol. II, No. 2.]
[Footnote 161: Cf. John Fiske, _Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy_, Vol.
II, pp. 342ff.]
[Footnote 162: Cf. R. Steinmetz, _Ethnologische Studien zur ersten Entwickelung der Strafe_, Vol. I, p. 305.]
[Footnote 163: See Groos, _The Play of Animals_, p. 283.]
[Footnote 164: See e.g., Krafft-Ebing, _Psychopathia s.e.xualis_, 3. Aufl., p. 10; Adams, "Some Phases of s.e.xual Morality and Church Discipline in Colonial New England," _Proceedings of the Ma.s.sachusetts Historical Society_, 2d Series, 1891, pp. 417-516.]
[Footnote 165: A.B. Ellis, _The Tshi-speaking Peoples of the Gold Coast_, pp. 249ff.]
[Footnote 166: Fison and Howitt, _Kamilaroi and Kurnai_, p. 206.]
[Footnote 167: Bonwick, _Daily Life of the Tasmanians_, p. 55.]
[Footnote 168: Owen, _Transactions of the Ethnological Society_, New Series, Vol. II, p. 36.]
[Footnote 169: Turner, _Nineteen Years in Polynesia_, p. 424.]
[Footnote 170: Arbousset and Daumas, _Voyage and Exploration_, p. 249; Maffat, _Missionary Labors and Scenes in Southern Africa_, p. 53.]
[Footnote 171: Schoolcraft, _History, Condition, and Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States_, Part I, p. 285.]
[Footnote 172: Jones, _Antiquities of the Southern Indians_, p. 70.]
[Footnote 173: John Hechenwelder, _History, Manners, and Customs of the Indian Nations_, pp. 155-58.]
[Footnote 174: Ratzel, _History of Mankind_, Vol. II, p. 289.]
[Footnote 175: Ratzel, _loc. cit._, Vol. I, p. 253.]
[Footnote 176: Irving, "Astoria," _Works_, Vol. VIII, p. 134.]
[Footnote 177: Ratzel, _loc. cit._, Vol. II, p. 130.]
[Footnote 178: Bancroft, _Native Races of the Pacific States_, Vol. I, p. 277.]
[Footnote 179: Featherman, _Social History of Mankind: Aoneo-Maranonians_, p. 364.]
[Footnote 180: W.J. Hoffman, "The Menomini Indians," _Fourteenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, p. 288.]
[Footnote 181: A.F. Bandelier, "Report of an Archaeological Tour in Mexico," _Papers of the Archaeological Inst.i.tute of America_, Vol. II, p. 138.]
[Footnote 182: Dorsey, "Siouxan Sociology," _Fifteenth Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology_, p. 225.]
[Footnote 183: Prov. 31:10-24.]
[Footnote 184: Morgan, _Ancient Society_, p. 111.]
[Footnote 185: Lewis and Clarke, _Travels to the Source of the Missouri_, ed. 1814, Vol. I, p. 60.]
[Footnote 186: G. Thompson, _Travels and Adventures in Southern Africa_, Appendix, p. 286.]
[Footnote 187: J.L. Burckhardt, _Notes on the Bedouins and Wahabys_, Vol. I, p. 98.]
[Footnote 188: Post, _Bausteine einer allgemeinen Rechtswissenschaft_, Vol. I, p. 287.]
[Footnote 189: Macrae, "Account of the Kookies and Lunctas," _Asiatic Researches_, Vol. VII, p. 193.]
[Footnote 190: S.W. Baker, _The Nile Tributaries of Abyssinia_, p.
125.]
[Footnote 191: _Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal_, Vol. V, p.
195.]
[Footnote 192: Ibid., Vol. VIII, p. 470.]
[Footnote 193: F. Boyle, _Adventures among the Dyaks of Borneo_, p.
170]
[Footnote 194: T.S. Raffles, _History of Java_, Vol. I, p. 309.]