~Books on Birmingham.~--Notes of Birmingham were now and then given before the days of that dear old antiquary Hutton, but _his_ "History"
must always take rank as the first. Morfitt"s was amusing as far as it went; Bissett"s was ditto and pictorial; but it remained till the present period for really reliable sketches to be given. The best are Langford"s "Century of Birmingham Life," Harman"s "Book of Dates,"
Dent"s "Old and New Birmingham," Bunce"s "Munic.i.p.al History," and the last is "Showell"s Dictionary of Birmingham."
~Botanical Gardens.~--See "_Horticultural Societies_."
~Borough Members.~--See "_Parliamentary Elections_."
~Boulton (Mathew).~--The son of a hardware manufacturer of the same name, was born here on September 3, 1728 (old style) and received his education princ.i.p.ally at the academy of the Rev. Mr. Anstey, Deritend.
He is accredited with having at the early age of seventeen invented the inlaying of steel buckles, b.u.t.tons and trinkets, which for many years were in great request. These articles at first were exported to France in large quant.i.ties, being afterwards brought from thence and sold in London as the latest Parisian fashion. In 1762 (his father having left him a considerable property) Mr. Boulton leased a quant.i.ty of the land then forming part of Birmingham Heath, where at a cost of over 10,000 he erected the famous Soho Works, and later on (in 1794) he purchased the freehold of that and a considerable tract of the adjoining land. In 1767 steam was first brought into use to supplement the power derived from the water wheels, and in 1769 he became acquainted with James Watt, with whom he afterwards went into partnership to make steam engines of all kinds, sinking 47,000 before he had any return for his money. Mr.
Boulton lived to the patriarchal age of fourscore and one, leaving this life on August 7, 1809. He was buried at Handsworth, 600 workmen, besides numberless friends, following his remains; all of whom were presented with hatbands and gloves and a silver medal, and regaled with a dinner, the funeral costing altogether about 2,000.--See "_Coinage_,"
&c.
~Bourne College,~ erected by the Primitive Methodists and their friends, at Quinton, at a cost of nearly 10,00, was formally opened on October 240 [Transcriber"s note: as original] 1882. When completed there will be accommodation for 120 students.
~Bowling Greens.~--These seem to have been favourite places of resort with our grandfathers and great-grandfathers. The completion of one at the Union Tavern, Cherry Street, was announced March 26, 1792, but we read of another as attached to the Hen and Chickens, in High Street, as early as 1741. There is a very fine bowling-green at Aston Hall, and lovers of the old-fashioned game can be also accommodated at Cannon Hill Park, and at several suburban hotels.
~Boys" Refuge~ is at corner of Bradford Street and Alcester Street, and the Secretary will be glad of help.
~Boyton.~--Captain Boyton showed his life-preserving dress, at the Reservoir, April 24, 1875.
~Bracebridge.~--A very ancient family, long connected with this neighbourhood, for we read of Peter de Bracebrigg who married a grand-daughter of the Earl of Warwick in A.D. 1100, and through her inherited Kingsbury, an ancient residence of the Kings of Mercia. In later days the Bracebridges became more intimately connected with this town by the marriage in 1775 of Abraham Bracebridge, Esq., of Atherstone, with Mary Elizabeth, the only child and heiress of Sir Charles Holte, to whom the Aston estates ultimately reverted. Many articles connected with the Holte family have been presented to Birmingham by the descendants of this marriage.
~Bradford Street~ takes its name from Henry Bradford, who, in 1767, advertised that he would give a freehold site to any man who would build the first house therein.
~Breweries.~--In the days of old nearly every publican and innkeeper was his own brewer, the fame of his house depending almost solely on the quality of the "stingo" he could pour out to his customers. The first local brewery on a large scale appears to have been that erected in Moseley Street in 1782, which even down to late years retained its cognomen of the Birmingham Old Brewery. In 1817 another company opened a similar extensive establishment at St. Peter"s Place, in Broad Street, and since then a number of enterprising individuals have at times started in the same track, but most have come grief, even in the case of those whose capital was not cla.s.sed under the modern term "limited." The princ.i.p.al local breweries now in existence are those of Messrs. Holder, Mitch.e.l.l, and Bates, in addition to the well-known Crosswells Brewery of Messrs Walter Showell and Sons, noted in next paragraph. The princ.i.p.al Vinegar Brewery in Birmingham is that of Messrs. Fardon and Co.
(Limited), in Glover Street, which was formed in 1860, and is well worthy of the stranger"s visit. The annual output is about 850,000 gallons, there being storage for nearly a million gallons, and 36,000 casks to send the vinegar out in.
~Brewery at Crosswells.~--Though by far the most extensive brewery supplying Birmingham, the Crosswells cannot claim to be more than in the infancy of its establishment at present, as only twelve years ago the many acres of ground now covered by its buildings formed but part of an unenclosed piece of waste land. Nevertheless, the spot was well-known and often visited in ancient times, on account of the wonderful and miraculous cures said to have been effected by the free use of the water gushing up from the depths of the springs to be found there, and which the monks of old had christened "The Wells of the Cross." Be its medicinal qualities what they might in the days before Harry the Eighth was king, the Cross Wells water retained its name and fame for centuries after the monks were banished and the burly king who drove them out had himself turned to dust. It has always been acknowledged as one of the purest waters to be found in the kingdom; but its peculiar and special adaptability to the brewing of "good old English cheer" was left to be discovered by the founder of the firm of Messrs. Walter Showell and Sons, who, as stated before, some twelve years back, erected the nucleus of the present extensive brewery. Starting with the sale of only a few hundred barrels per week, the call for their ales soon forced the proprietors to extend their premises in order that supply should meet demand. At first doubled, then quadrupled, the brewery is now at least ten times its original size; and a slight notion of the business carried on may be gathered from the fact that the firm"s stock of barrels tots up to nearly 60,000 and is being continually increased, extensive cooperages, blacksmiths" shops, &c., being attached to the brewery, as well as malthouses, offices, and storehouses of all kinds. The head offices of the firm, which are connected by telephone with the brewery, as well as with the stores at Kingston Buildings, Crescent Wharf, are situated in Great Charles Street, and thus the Crosswells Brewery (though really at Langley Green, some half-dozen miles away as the crow flies) becomes ent.i.tled to rank as a Birmingham establishment, and certainly not one of the least, inasmuch as the weekly sale of Crosswells ales for this town alone is more than 80,000 gallons per week.
~Brickkiln Lane,~ now called the Horse Fair, gives its own derivation.
~Bright.~--The Right Hon. John Bright, though not a Birmingham man, nor connected with the town by any ties of personal interest or business, has for the last quarter-century been the leading member returned to Parliament as representing the borough, and must always rank foremost among our men of note. Mr. Bright is the son of the late Jacob Bright, of Greenbank, near Rochdale, and was born November 16, 1811. He and his brother, Mr. Jacob Bright, M.P. for Manchester, began business as partners in the affiliated firms of John Bright and Brothers, cotton spinners and manufacturers, Rochdale, and Bright and Co., carpet manufacturers, Rochdale and Manchester. At an early age Mr. Bright showed a keen interest in politics, and took part in the Reform agitation of 1831-32. In those days every householder was compelled by law to pay the Church-rates levied in his parish, whatever his religious creed might be, and it is said that Mr. Bright"s first flights of oratory were delivered from a tombstone in Rochdale church-yard in indignant denunciation of a tax which to him, as a member of the Society of Friends, appeared especially odious. It was not, however, till 1839, when he joined the Anti-Corn Law League, that Mr. Bright"s reputation spread beyond his own immediate neighbourhood; and there can be no doubt but that his fervid addresses, coupled with the calmer and more logical speeches of Mr. Cobden, contributed in an appreciable degree to the success of the movement. In July, 1843, he was returned as M.P. for the city of Durham, which he represented until the general election of 1847, when he was the chosen of Manchester. For ten years he was Manchester"s man in everything, but the side he took in regard to the Russian war was so much at variance with the popular opinions of his const.i.tuents that they at last turned on him, burnt his effigy in the streets, and threw him out at the general election in March, 1857. At the death of Mr. G.F.
Muntz, in July following, Mr. Bright was almost unanimously selected to fill his place as M.P. for this town, and for 25 years he has continued to honour Birmingham by permitting us to call him _our_ member. (See "_Parliamentary Elections_.") Mr. Bright has been twice married, but is now a widower, and he has twice held office in the Cabinet, first as President of the Board Of Trade, and more lately as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster.
~Bristol Road.~--Trees were first planted in this road in the spring of 1853.
~Britannia Metal.~--A mixed metal formed of 90 parts of tin, 2 copper, and 8 antimony, brought into use about 1790, and long a favourite with manufacturers and public alike. The introduction of electroplating did much towards its extended make at first, but latterly it has been in great measure, replaced by German silver and other alloys.
~British a.s.sociation~ for the Advancement, of Science first met in this town Aug. 26, 1839. They were here again Oct. 12, 1857, and Sep. 6, 1865.
~Brittle Street~ formerly ran from Livery Street to Snow Hill, about the spot where now the entrance gates to the Station are.
~Broad Street.~--150 years ago part of what is now known as Dale End was called Broad Street, the present thoroughfare of that name then being only a pathway through the fields.
~Brunswick Buildings.~--Erected in New Street, by Mr. Samuel Haines in 1854. A funny tale has been told about the original lease, which included a covenant that at the expiration of the term of 100 years for which it was granted, the land was to be delivered up to the Grammar School "well cropped with potatoes." In 1760 New Street _was_ a new street indeed, for there were but a few cottages with gardens there then, and the potatoe proviso was no doubt thought a capital provision; but fancy growing that choice edibie there in 1860!
~Buck.~--Henry Buck, P.G.M., and Sec. of the Birmingham district of the Manchester Order of Oddfellows for twenty-five years, died Jan. 22, 1876, aged 63. A granite obelisk to his memory in St. Philip"s churchyard was unveiled Sep. 17, 1877.
~Building Societies~ took early root here, as we find there were several in 1781.--See "_Friendly Societies_."
~Buckles~ were worn as shoe fasteners in the reign of Charles II.--See "_Trades_."
~b.u.t.tons.~--Some interesting notes respecting the manufacture of b.u.t.tons will be found under the head of "_Trades_."
~Bulgarian Atrocities, 1876-7.~--A considerable amount of "political capital" was made out of these occurrences, but only 1,400 was subscribed here for the relief of the unfortunates; while merely 540 could be raised towards helping the thousands of poor Bosnian refugees driven from their homes by the Russians in 1878, and of this sum 200 was given by one person.
~Bullbaiting~ was prohibited in 1773 by Order in Council, and an Act was pa.s.sed in 1835, to put a stop to all baiting of bulls, badgers, and bears. At Chapel Wake, 1798, some law-defying reprobates started a bullbaiting on Snow Hill, but the Loyal a.s.sociation of Volunteers turned out, and with drums beating and colours flying soon put the rebels to flight, pursuing them as far as Birmingham Heath, where the baiters got a beating, the Loyals returning home in triumph with the bull as a trophy. The last time this "sport" was indulged in in this neighbourhood appears to have been early in October, 1838, at Gib Heath, better known now as Nineveh Road.
~Bull Lane~ was the name once given to that part of the present Colmore Row between Livery Street and Snow Hill, though it has been better known as Monmouth Street.
~Bull Street.~--Once called Chapel Street, as leading to the chapel of the ancient Priory; afterwards named from the old inn known as the Red Bull (No. 83).
~Burial Grounds.~--See "_Cemeteries_."
~Burns.~--Excis.e.m.e.n, when Robert Burns was one of them, were wont to carry pistols, and those the poet had were given him by one of our gunmakers, Mr. Blair. They were afterwards bought by Allan Cunningham, who gave them back to Burns" widow.--Birmingham lent its rill to the great river of homage to the genius of Burns which flowed through the length and breadth of the civilised world on the occasion of the Burns"
centenary in January, 1859. The most interesting of the three or four meetings held here was one of a semi-private nature, which took place at Aston Hall, and which originated, not with Scotchmen, but with Englishmen. Some forty-five or fifty gentlemen, only some half-dozen of whom were Scotch, sat down to an excellent supper in the fine old room in which the Queen lunched the previous year. The chairman was Mr.
Samuel Timmins, and the vice-chairman was Mr. Ross.
~Cabs, Cars, and Carriages.~--The hackney carriages, or four-wheelers, of this town, have the credit of being superior to those used in London, though the hansoms (notwithstanding their being the inventions of one who should rank almost as a local worthy--the architect of our Town Hall) are not up to the mark. Prior to 1820 there were no regular stands for vehicles plying for hire, those in New Street, Bull Street, and Colmore Row being laid in that year, the first cabman"s license being dated June 11. The first "Cabman"s Rest" was opened in Ratcliffe Place, June 13, 1872, the cost (65) being gathered by the cabman"s friend, the Rev. Micarah Hill, who also, in 1875, helped them to start an a.s.sociation for mutual a.s.sistance in cases of sickness or death. There are sixteen of these "shelters" in the town, the cabmen subscribing about 200 yearly towards expenses. As a rule, the Birmingham cabmen are a civil and obliging body of men, though now and then a little sharp practice may occur, as in the instance of the stranger who, arriving in New Street Station one evening last summer, desired to be taken to the Queen"s Hotel. His luggage being properly secured, and himself safely ensconced, Mr. Cabby cooly took the rug from his horse"s back, mounted his seat and walked the animal through the gates back to the building the stranger had just left, depositing his fare, and as calmly holding out his hand for the customary shilling as if he had driven the full distance of a mile and a half. The fares laid down by the bye-laws as proper to be charged within the Borough, and within five miles from the statue in Stephenson Place, in the Borough, are as follows:--
_By time_, the driver driving at a rate not less than five miles per hour, if so required:--
s. d.
For every carriage constructed to carry four persons, for the first hour, or part of hour .. .. 3 0 For every additional 15 minutes, or part of 15 minutes. .. .. 0 2 For every carriage constructed to carry two persons, for the first hour, or part of hour .. .. 2 6 For every additional 15 minutes, or part of 15 minutes.. .. .. 0 6 Any person hiring any carriage otherwise than by time is ent.i.tled to detain the same five minutes without extra charge, but for every 15 minutes, or part thereof, over the first five minutes, the hirer must pay .. .. .. 0 6 _By distance_:-- Cabs or Cars to carry 2 persons not exceeding 1-1/2 miles .. .. 1 0 Per 1/2 mile after .. .. .. 0 4 One horse vehicles to carry 4 persons, not exceeding 1 mile .. 1 0 For any further distance, per 1/2 mile after .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 6 Cars or Carriages with 2 horses, to carry 4 persons, not exceeding 1 mile .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 9 Per 1/2 mile after .. .. .. 0 9 _Double Fares_ shall be allowed and paid for every fare, or so much of any fare as may be performed by any carriage after 12 o"clock at night, and before 6 in the morning.
~Calthorpe Park,~ Persh.o.r.e road, has an area of 3la. 1r. 13p., and was given to the town in 1857 by Lord Calthorpe. Though never legally conveyed to the Corporation, the Park is held under a grant from the Calthorpe family, the effect of which is equivalent to a conveyance in fee. The Duke of Cambridge performed the opening ceremony in this our first public park.
~Calthorpe Road~ was laid out for building in the year 1818, and the fact is worthy of note as being the commencement of our local West End.
~Calico, Cotton, and Cloth.~--In 1702 the printing or wearing of printed calicoes was prohibited, and more strictly so in 1721, when cloth b.u.t.tons and b.u.t.tonholes were also forbidden. Fifty years after, the requisites for manufacturing cotton or cotton cloth were now allowed to be exported, and in 1785 a duty was imposed on all cotton goods brought into the Kingdom. Strange as it may now appear, there was once a "cotton-spinning mill" in Birmingham. The first thread of cotton ever spun by rollers was produced in a small house near Sutton Coldfield as early as the year 1700, and in 1741 the inventor, John Wyatt, had a mill in the Upper Priory, where his machine, containing fifty rollers, was turned by two donkeys walking round an axis, like a horse in a modern clay mill. The manufacture, however, did not succeed in this town, though carried on more or less till the close of the century, Paul"s machine being advertised for sale April 29, 1795. The Friends"
schoolroom now covers the site of the cotton mill.
~Ca.n.a.ls.~--The first Act for the construction of the "cut" or ca.n.a.l in connection with Birmingham was pa.s.sed in 1761, that to Bilston being commenced in 1767. The delivery here of the first boat-load of coals (Nov. 6, 1769) was hailed, and rightly so, as one of the greatest blessings that could be conferred on the town, the immediate effect being a reduction in the price to 6d per cwt, which in the following May came down to 4d. The cutting of the first sod towards making the Grand Junction Ca.n.a.l took place July 26, 1766, and it was completed in 1790.
In 1768 Briudley, the celebrated engineer, planned out the Birmingham and Wolverhampton Ca.n.a.l, proposing to make it 22 miles long; but he did not live to see it finished. The work was taken up by Smeaton and Telford; the latter of whom calling it "a crooked ditch" struck out a straight cut, reducing the length to 14 miles, increasing the width to 40 feet, the bridges having each a span of 52 feet. The "Summit" bridge was finished in 1879. The Fazeley Ca.n.a.l was completed in 1783, and so successfully was it worked that in nine years the shares were at a premium of 1170. In 1785 the Birmingham, the Fazeley, and the Grand Junction Companies took up and completed an extension to Coventry. The Birmingham and Worcester Ca.n.a.l was commenced in 1,791, the cost being a little over 600,000, and it was opened for through traffic July 21, 1815. By an agreement of September 18, 1873, this ca.n.a.l was sold to the Gloucester and Berkeley Ca.n.a.l Co. (otherwise the Sharpness Dock Co.), and has thus lost its distinctive local name. The Birmingham and Warwick commenced in 1793; was finished in 1800. Communication with Liverpool by water was complete in 1826, the carriage of goods thereto which had previously cost 5 per ton, being reduced to 30s. For a through cut to London, a company was started in May, 1836, with a nominal capital of 3,000,000, in 100 shares, and the first cargoes were despatched in August, 1840. In April, 1840, an Act was pa.s.sed to unite the Wyrley and Essington Ca.n.a.l Co. with the Birmingham Ca.n.a.l Co., leading to the extension, at a cost of over 120,000, of the ca.n.a.l system to the lower side of the town. There are 2,800 miles of ca.n.a.ls in England, and about 300 miles in Ireland. The total length of what may properly be called Birmingham ca.n.a.ls is about 130 miles, but if the branches in the "Black Country" be added thereto, it will reach to near 250 miles. The first iron boat made its appearance on ca.n.a.l waters July 24, 1787; the first propelled by steam arrived here from London, September 29, 1826. The adaptation of steam power to general ca.n.a.l traffic, however, was not carried to any great extent, on account of the injury caused to the banks by the "wash" from the paddles and screws, though, when railways were first talked about, the possibility of an inland steam navigation was much canva.s.sed. When the Bill for the London and Birmingham Railway was before Parliament, in 1833, some enterprising carriers started (on Midsummer-day) an opposition in the shape of a stage-boat, to run daily and do the distance, with goods and pa.s.sengers, in 16 hours. The Birmingham and Liverpool Ca.n.a.l Company introduced steam tugs in 1843. On Sat.u.r.day, November 11, they despatched 16 boats, with an aggregate load of 380 tons, to Liverpool, drawn by one small vessel of 16-horse power, other engines taking up the "train" at different parts of the voyage.
Mr. Inshaw, in 1853, built a steamboat for ca.n.a.ls with a screw on each side of the rudder. It was made to draw four boats with 40 tons of coal in each at two and a half miles per hour, and the twin screws were to negative the surge, but the iron horses of the rail soon put down, not only all such weak attempts at compet.i.tion, but almost the whole ca.n.a.l traffic itself, so far as general merchandise and carriage of light goods and parcels was concerned. "Flyboats" for pa.s.sengers at one time ran a close race with the coaches and omnibuses between here, Wolverhampton, and other places, but they are old people now who can recollect travelling in that manner in their youth.
~Ca.n.a.l Accidents.~--The banks of the Birmingham and Worcester Ca.n.a.l, near Wheeley"s Road, gave way on May 26, 1872, causing considerable damage to the properties near at hand. A similar occurrence took place at Aston, July 20, 1875; and a third happened at Solihull Lodge Valley, October 27, 1880, when about 80ft. of an embankment 30-ft. high collapsed.
~Ca.n.a.l Reservoir,~ better known as "The Reservoir," near Monument Lane, a popular place of resort, covers an area of 62A. 1R. 5P., and is three-quarters of a mile long. Visitors and others fond of boating can be accommodated here to their heart"s content.
~Cannon.~--The first appearance of these instruments of destruction in connection with the English army was in the time of Edward III. in his wars with the Scotch and the French, the first great battle of historical note in which they were used being that of Cressy, in 1346.
The manufacture of "small arms," as they are called, has been anything but a small feature in the trade history of our past, but cannon-founding does not appear to have been much carried on, though a local newspaper of 1836 mentioned that several 250 and 300-pounder guns were sent from here in that year for the fortifications on the Dardanelles.
~Cannon Hill Park~ covers an area of 57a. 1r. 9p., and was presented to the town by Miss Ryland, the deed of conveyance bearing date April 18th, 1873. The nearest route to this Park is by way of Persh.o.r.e Road and Edgbaston Lane, omnibuses going that way every half-hour.
~Caps.~--The inventor of percussion caps is not known, but we read of them as being made here as early as 1816, though they were not introduced into "the service" until 1839. The manufacture of these articles has several times led to great loss of life among the workers, notes of which will be found under the head of "_Explosions_." See also "_Trades_."