The Confederate Army, on the night of April 5th, abandoned Amelia Court-House, and by circuitous country roads endeavored to pa.s.s around the Union left through Deatonville and Painesville to Prince Edward"s Court-House, hoping still to be able to escape to Danville.
At daylight of the 6th the Union forces at Jetersville advanced in battle array on Amelia Court-House, and some precious hours were lost in ascertaining the direction of Lee"s retreat. Our army was, however, soon counter-marched to Jetersville, and thence, by different roads and regardless of them, by forced marches, it sought to intercept Lee. It must be remembered Lee"s troops had one day or more rest since leaving Petersburg and Richmond, and Grant"s army had none, and the latter had been moved by night as well as by day, and irregularly fed. The most appealing orders were issued by General Meade to his army to make the required sacrifices and efforts to overtake and overthrow Lee"s army. I quote from Meade"s order of the night of April 4th:
"The Major-General commanding feels he has but to recall to the Army of the Potomac the success of the oft repeated gallant contests with the Army of Northern Virginia, and when he a.s.sures the army that, in the opinion of so distinguished an officer as General Sheridan, it only requires these sacrifices to bring this long and desperate conflict to a triumphant issue, the men of this army will show that they are as willing to die of fatigue and starvation as they have ever shown themselves ready to fall by the bullets of the enemy."( 4)
This order, when read to the regiments, was loudly cheered. There was perfect harmony of action among Grant"s generals; all putting forth their best efforts. On the 4th, Sheridan dispatched Grant, "If we press on we will no doubt get the whole army." And again on the 6th, "_If the thing is pressed I think Lee will surrender_."
( 5) On these dispatches being forwarded to President Lincoln, still at City Point, he is reported to have wired Grant, "Let the thing be pressed."( 6)
Grant, personally, gave more attention to the movements of his forces to important places than to fighting battles. He was especially anxious for Ord"s command to be hastened forward on a line south of Lee. Grant was always in touch with Meade and Sheridan, but on the 5th and 6th he was with Ord. At night of the 5th he dispatched from Nottoway Court-House to Meade:
"Your movements are right. Lee"s army is the objective point, and to capture that is all we want. Ord has marched fifteen miles to- day to reach here, and is going on. He will probably reach Burkeville to-night. My headquarters will be with the advance."( 7)
Sheridan, in command of the cavalry, was often, temporarily, also given command of a corps of infantry.
In the pursuit on the 6th from Jetersville, Wright"s corps followed Merritt"s cavalry, and about 3 P.M., after a forced march of eighteen miles, partly without roads and over a hilly country and under a hot sun, came up with a portion of it heavily engaged trying to seize a road at a point about two miles from Sailor"s Creek on the left and about the same distance from Deatonville on the right, on which Ewell"s wing of Lee"s army was retreating. Ewell was heading towards Rice"s Station to form a junction with Longstreet, both intending to move _via_ Prince Edward"s Court-House south. Ord, with the Army of the James, late on this day confronted Longstreet at Rice"s Station. The Third Division of the Sixth was in advance, and my brigade went into line of battle and rapidly into action, with scarcely a halt for formation, and, together with the cavalry, charged and drove the enemy across the road, capturing many prisoners, wagons, and some pieces of artillery, including General Heth"s headquarters wagons.
An incident occurred soon after we gained this road. Another road from the west intersected at this point the one we had just seized, and on which the enemy had a battery which opened on us furiously.
I hastened to the intersecting road to direct some of my regiments to charge and capture the battery or drive it away. Generals Sheridan and Wright, with their staffs, soon galloped up. Sheridan was accompanied by a large mounted bra.s.s band that commenced playing _Hail to the Chief_, or some other then unwelcome music. This drew the fire from the battery with increased fury on the whole party.
Both Sheridan and Wright were too proud spirited to retire in the presence of the troops or each other, though not needed at that place. The dry limbs of pine trees rattling down around us and the bursting of sh.e.l.ls rendered the situation embarra.s.sing in the extreme, and the lives of others were being sacrificed or imperilled by the presence of the distinguished party. Being in immediate charge of the forces there, I invited the Generals to get out of the way, but as they did not retire I ordered a charge upon the "_noisy band_," and thus caused the whole party to retire to a place of greater safety. Some of them were quite willing to go.
I gave Colonel Binkley such an imperative order to silence the battery, that he pursued it with a detachment to such a distance that he did not rejoin the brigade in time to partic.i.p.ate in the princ.i.p.al battle of the day yet to be fought.
Ewell"s wing of the Confederate Army had mainly pa.s.sed on towards its destination. Pursuit was promptly ordered by Sheridan and conducted by Wright. Ewell"s rear-guard fought stubbornly and fell back slowly through the timber until it reached Sailor"s Creek.
Wheaton"s division arrived and joined the Third on the left in the attack and pursuit. Merritt"s cavalry pa.s.sed rapidly around Ewell"s right to intercept the retreat. Merritt crossed Sailor"s Creek with Custer and Devin"s divisions south of the road on which the enemy retreated.
General R. S. Ewell crossed Sailor"s Creek, and about 5 P.M. took up a strong position on heights on its west bank. These heights, save on their face, were covered with forest. There was a level, cultivated bottom about one half mile in width, wholly on the east bank of the stream. Sailor"s Creek, then greatly swollen, washed the foot of the heights on which Ewell had posted his army. He hoped to be able to hold his position until night, when, under cover of darkness, he might escape towards Danville.
Our troops were temporarily halted on the hills at the eastern edge of the valley, in easy range of the enemy"s guns, and the lines were hastily adjusted.( 8) Artillery went into position and at once opened a heavy fire. An effort was made to bring up Getty"s division of the Sixth and the detachment of my brigade under Binkley, but the day was too far spent to await their arrival. It was plainly evident that Ewell outnumbered our forces in line, and our men had been on foot for twelve hours. Wright hesitated under the circ.u.mstances, but Sheridan, coming to the front, advised an a.s.sault.( 9) Wright then promptly ordered the infantry on the field to make one, under cover of the artillery. Colonel Stagg"s cavalry brigade was ordered to attack the enemy"s right flank, and Merritt and Crook"s cavalry were to attack still farther around his right and on his rear.
Ewell covered his front with a strong line of infantry, and ma.s.sed a large body in column, in rear of his centre, to be used as the exigencies of the battle might require. Ewell"s cavalry covered his right and rear. General R. H. Anderson and J. B. Gordon, with their corps, had preceded Ewell in crossing Sailor"s Creek, and Sheridan, who had now personally pa.s.sed from the front around to Merritt, encountered them some distance to the rear of Ewell"s position. The Confederate trains were on the road to Rice"s Station, where Longstreet was confronting Ord, neither, however, willing to attack the other.
The plan was for Anderson and Gordon to attack and clear the rear, while Ewell stopped the infantry at the Creek.(10) The latter had three infantry divisions, with parts of others, under the command of Generals Kershaw, G. W. Custis Lee, Pickett, Barton, DuBose, Corse, Hunton, and others of the most distinguished officers of the Confederate Army. Commodore John Randolph Tucker, formerly of the United States navy, commanding the Marine Brigade, was posted on the face of the heights on Ewell"s front. Colonel Crutchfield, who had been recently in charge of the artillery at Richmond, commanded a large brigade of artillerymen serving as infantry.
About 5 P.M. the two divisions of the Sixth descended from the hills, in a single line, and moved steadily across the valley in the face of a destructive fire, with muskets and ammunition boxes over the shoulder, the men waded the swollen stream. Though the water was from two to four feet deep, the creek was crossed without a halt.
Many fell on the plain and in the water, and those who reached the west bank were in some disorder. The command, was, however, given by the officers accompanying the troops to storm the heights, and it was obeyed. Not until within a few yards of the enemy, while ascending the heights, did our men commence firing. The enemy"s advance line gave way, and an easy victory seemed about to be achieved, but before the crest was reached, Ewell with his ma.s.sed troops made an impetuous charge upon and through our line. Our centre was completely broken and a disastrous defeat for us seemed imminent. The large column of Confederate infantry now, however, became exposed to the renewed fire from Wright"s ma.s.sed artillery on the hills east of the valley.
The right and left of the charging line met with better success, driving back all in their front, and, wholly disregarding the defeat of the centre, persisted in advancing, each wheeling as on a pivot in the centre, until the enemy"s troops were completely enveloped and subjected to a deadly fire on both flanks, as well as from the artillery in front. The flooded stream forbade an advance on our unguarded batteries. The cavalry, in a simultaneous attack, about this time overthrew all before them on the Confederate right and rear. Ewell"s officers gallantly exerted themselves to avert disaster, and bravely tried to form lines to the right and left to repel the now furious flank attacks. This, however, proved impossible. Our men were pushed up firing to within a few feet of the ma.s.sed Confederates, rendering any reformation or change of front by them out of the question, and speedily bringing hopeless disorder. A few were bayoneted on each side. The enemy fell rapidly, while doing little execution. Flight became impossible, and nothing remained to put an end to the b.l.o.o.d.y slaughter but for the Confederates to throw down their arms and become captives. As the gloom of approaching night settled over the field, now covered with dead and dying, the fire of artillery and musketry ceased, and General Ewell, together with eleven general officers and about all the survivors of his gallant army, were prisoners. Ewell, Kershaw, G. W. Custis Lee (son of General R. E. Lee), and others surrendered to the Sixth Corps. Barton, Corse, Hunton, DuBose, and others were taken by the cavalry. Crutchfield of the Artillery Brigade was killed near me, and his command captured or dispersed.
Generals Anderson and Gordon got away with part of B. R. Johnson"s division, and Pickett escaped with about six hundred men.(11) Tucker"s Marine Brigade, numbering about two thousand, surrendered to me in a body a little later.(12) It had been pa.s.sed by in the onset of the charge. About thirty-five of the officers of this brigade had served in the United States Navy before the war. The brigade was made up of naval troops who had recently served on gunboats and river batteries on the James below Richmond. As infantrymen they cut a sorry figure, but they were brave, and stood to their a.s.signed position after all others of their army had been overthrown. They knew nothing about flight, and were taken as a body. By reason of their first position they suffered heavily.
When disarmed there was found to be a wagon load or more of pistols of all patterns which had been collected from all the countries of the civilized world. Certain incidents relating to the surrender of this brigade may be of interest.(13)
Tucker"s command was not at once engulfed in the general disaster.
Tucker had, after making a gallant charge, withdrawn it from its exposed position into the dense timber in a depression in the bluffs. Near the close of the battle, just at dusk, it was reported to me that a force of Confederates was in this timber. I made two vain attempts to get into communication with it and to notify its commanding officer that he was in our power. At last, having some doubts of its presence where reported, and my staff and orderlies being engaged reforming troops and caring for prisoners, I rode alone to investigate. After proceeding in the woods a short distance, to my surprise I came upon Tucker"s brigade in line of battle, partly concealed by underbrush. To avoid capture I resorted to a ruse. In a loud voice I gave the command, "_Forward_," and it was repeated by the Confederate officers all along the line.
I turned to ride towards my own troops. The dense thicket prevented speed and the marines therefore kept at my horse"s heels. As an open s.p.a.ce was approached the nearest Confederate discovered that I was a Union officer, and cried "Shoot him." As I turned to surrender, some confusion arose and a few shots were fired, but Tucker and Captain John D. Semmes, being near me, knocked up the ends of the nearest rifles with their swords and saved my life.
From this situation, lying close on my horse"s neck, I escaped to my own command. With a detachment I at once returned to the timber, where I met Tucker and explained to him the situation of which he was ignorant, and forthwith received his surrender with his brigade.
Later, when Tucker and Semmes were prisoners at Johnson"s Island, near Sandusky, the appealed to me to intercede for their release, which I most gladly and successfully did. They had each been, at the beginning of the war, in the United States Navy, which caused them to be exceptionally detained as prisoners under President Johnson"s order.(14)
The infantry, under Wright, engaged in the battle at Sailor"s Creek at no time exceeded ten thousand men. The number partic.i.p.ating in the charge across the plain and in storming the heights did not exceed seven thousand, being fewer in number than the enemy captured on the field. It has been claimed that Humphreys" Second Corps partic.i.p.ated in the battle, and some Confederate officers a.s.sert that the attack was made with thirty thousand men under Wright.
Humphreys did have a lively skirmish the evening of the 6th, and captured a considerable train, far off to the right of the battle- field, and in this the detachment under Colonel Binkley from my brigade partic.i.p.ated.(15)
Getty"s division of the Sixth did not reach the field in time to become engaged.(16) The results, being so great, naturally led interested parties to exaggerate the number of the attacking forces.(17)
Sheridan, in his report, May 16, 1865, speaking of the infantry attack, says: "It was splendid, but no more than I had reason to expect from the gallant Sixth Corps." And he speaks of the fighting of the cavalry and the captures thus:
"The cavalry in the rear of the enemy attacked simultaneously, and the enemy, after a gallant resistance, were completely surrounded, and nearly all threw down their arms and surrendered. General Ewell, commanding the enemy"s forces, a number of other general officers, and about 10,000 other prisoners were taken by us. Most of them fell into the hands of the cavalry, but they are no more ent.i.tled to claim them than the Sixth Corps, to which equal credit is due for the result of this engagement."
Our loss in killed and wounded was comparatively small; that of the enemy was great, but not in proportion to his loss in prisoners.
One week after the battle I visited the field, and could then have walked on Confederate dead for many successive rods along the face of the heights held by the enemy when the battle opened.
The capture of Ewell and his generals, with the larger part of the forces under them, and the dispersion of the remainder of Ewell"s wing of Lee"s army were irreparable disasters to the Confederacy.
Lee could no longer hope to cope with the pursuing army. The Sixth Corps had the distinguished honor of striking the decisive blows at Petersburg on the 2d, and at Sailor"s Creek on the 6th of April, 1865.
Sailor"s Creek may fairly be called the last field battle of the war. A distinguished Confederate General, Wade Hampton, in a _Century Magazine_ article, p.r.o.nounced the battle of Bentonville, North Carolina, the "last important one of the war, ... the last general battle of the Civil War." There may be room for controversy as to where and when the last "general battle" of the war was fought. Certain it is that it was not at Bentonville that the conflict ended on a large scale and blood ceased to flow in the great Rebellion. Bentonville was mainly fought March 19, 1865, and while it may properly be called a field engagement and of no insignificant proportions, it was not the last one. This is not the place to enter into any controversy about last battles, their character and significance, yet it may not be out of place to call attention to the most prominent battles, etc., fought after March 19, 1865.
Fort Stedman, in front of Petersburg, Virginia, was a.s.saulted and temporarily taken by the Confederate General Gordon, March 25, 1865, and while the fighting which ensued in retaking the fort and in driving out the attacking forces may not be denominated a general battle, yet it was a b.l.o.o.d.y one. Other severe fighting took place in front of Petersburg the same day.
Five Forks, Virginia, fought by General Sheridan"s cavalry and the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, April 1, 1865, was fought outside of fortifications by cavalry, infantry, and artillery combined, and there were charges and counter-charges, lasting several hours, the losses being heavy in killed and wounded. Many prisoners were there taken by Sheridan"s command. Five Forks was a general field engagement.
The a.s.saults and conflicts on, over, and around the ramparts of the forts and fortifications (incomparably b.l.o.o.d.y) in front of Petersburg, Virginia, April 2, 1865, which tore open the strong lines of defence held by General Lee"s army, forced it to flight, and lost Petersburg and Richmond to the Confederacy, may not be ent.i.tled to be cla.s.sed as general field battles.
Sailor"s Creek came next in order, fought April 6, 1865.
The a.s.sault and capture of Fort Blakely, near Mobile, Alabama, took place April 9, 1865. If Blakely can be called a general battle it was the last one of the war. It was, however, mainly an a.s.sault by the Union forces under General E. R. S. Canby on fortifications, though rich in results. The killed and wounded at Blakely in both armies aggregated about 2000 men. Canby"s forces captured 3423 men, 40 pieces of artillery, 16 battle flags, etc. The prize fought for and won was Mobile, its surrounding forts and the Confederate Navy in the harbor of Mobile.
At Palmetto Ranche, Texas, on May 13, 1865, near the battle-field of General Zachary Taylor at Palo Alto (May 8, 1846), the first of the Mexican War, and about two thousand miles from Big Bethel, the scene, June 10, 1861, of the first considerable battle of the Rebellion, a lively engagement took place, hardly, however, rising above the dignity of a skirmish or an _affair_, though it was by no means bloodless. (The magnitude of the battles of the Rebellion dwarfed to _affairs_ or skirmishes what were formerly in this and other countries called battles.)
Colonel Theodore H. Barrett commanded the Union forces at Palmetto Ranche, and General J. E. Slaughter the Confederates.
The 62d United States Colored Infantry, in this fight, probably fired the last angry volley of the war, and Sergeant Crocket of that regiment (three days after Jefferson Davis" capture) received the last wound from a rebel hostile bullet, and hence shed the last fresh blood in the war resulting in the freedom of his race in the United States. The observation irresistibly comes, that on the scene of the first battle of the Mexican War--a war inaugurated for the acquisition of slave territory--and of the _first_ battle partic.i.p.ated in by Lieutenant-General (then Second Lieutenant) U.
S. Grant, almost exactly nineteen years later, the last conflict took place in the war for the preservation of the Union, and in which slavery was totally overthrown in our Republic.
But to return from the digression and to conclude the story of Sailor"s Creek, or the "Forgotten Battle." It may truthfully be said that it was not only the last general field battle of the war, but the one wherein more officers and men were captured in the struggle of actual conflict than in any battle of modern times.
There was some fighting between the cavalry of the two armies and many minor affairs between the advance- and rear-guards, but the four years" heavy fighting between the Army of Northern Virginia and the Army of the Potomac ended at Sailor"s Creek.
During the battle Lee was with Longstreet at Rice"s Station, two miles distant, impatiently awaiting news from Lieutenant-Generals Ewell and Anderson. General Mahone states what transpired when Colonel Venable of Lee"s staff reported to his chief something of the disaster at Sailor"s Creek:
"General Lee exclaimed, "Where is Anderson? Where is Ewell? It is strange I can"t hear from them." Then turning to me, he said, "General Mahone, I have no other troops, will you take your division to Sailor"s Creek?" and I promptly gave the order by the left flank, and off we were for Sailor"s Creek, where the disaster had occurred.
General Lee rode with me, Colonel Venable a little in the rear.
On reaching the south crest of the high ground at the crossing of the river road overlooking Sailor"s Creek, the disaster which had overtaken our army was in full view, and the scene beggars description, --hurrying teamsters with their teams and dangling traces (no wagons), retreating infantry without guns, many without hats, a harmless mob, with the ma.s.sive columns of the enemy moving orderly on. At this spectacle General Lee straightened himself in his saddle, and, looking more the soldier than ever, exclaimed, as if talking to himself, "My G.o.d! has the army dissolved?" As quickly as I could control my own voice I replied, "No, General, here are troops ready to do their duty"; when, in a mellowed voice, he replied: "Yes, General, there are some true men left. Will you please keep those people back?" As I was placing my division in position to "keep those people back," the retiring herd just referred to had crowded around General Lee while he sat on his horse with a Confederate battle-flag in his hand. I rode up and requested him to give me the flag, which he did.
"It was near dusk, and he wanted to know of me how to get away.
I replied: "Let General Longstreet move by the river road to Farmville, and cross the river there, and I will go through the woods to the High Bridge (railroad bridge) and cross there." To this he a.s.sented."
Longstreet retired at nightfall to Farmville and there crossed the Appomattox the morning of the 7th, and Mahone and broken detachments, with such trains and artillery as Lee still possessed, crossed at the High Bridge. All bridges were wholly or partially destroyed by the enemy on being pa.s.sed.
The result of the operations of April 6th forced Lee off of all roads leading to Danville, and Lynchburg became his objective.
Grant"s plans did not justify a halt on the field of Sailor"s Creek long enough to bury the dead, or even long enough to care for our wounded, and, though night had come, the battle-stained soldiers, hungry and exhausted, were marched on. The Sixth Corps encamped at 10 P.M. near Rice"s Station, about three miles from the battle- field. Other corps on different lines were kept to their work, and their operations also contributed towards baffling Lee"s plans for escape.