"Nor can it be forgotten that from the masterful hour that witnessed the a.s.sembling of the first House of Burgesses until the abdication of James the Second, the welfare of the Virginia colony was in large measure in the iron grasp of stern antagonists to all that pertained to liberty of conscience and to popular rule. Whatever there was of progress during the seventy years--barring the brief period of the Commonwealth--that immediately preceded the historic English Revolution, and the crowning of William and Mary, was despite the untiring hostility of the Stuart Dynasty. During this period the lives of Englishmen at home were as the dust in the balance. It witnessed the very heyday of the infamous Star Chamber. It was of Strafford, the b.l.o.o.d.y instrument (though wearing judicial ermine) of Charles the First, that Macaulay said: "If justice, in the whole range of its wide armory, contained one weapon which could pierce him, that weapon his pursuers were bound, before G.o.d and man, to employ."
"And for all time, the Stuart Dynasty itself remains impaled by the pen of the same master:
""Then came those days never to be recalled without a blush--the days of servitude without loyalty, and sensuality without love, of dwarfish talents and gigantic vices, the paradise of cold hearts and narrow minds, the golden age of the coward, the bigot, and the slave. The principles of liberty were the scoff of every grinning courtier, and the _anathema maranatha_ of every fawning dean.
In every high place worship was paid to Charles and James--Belial and Moloch,--and England propitiated those obscene and cruel idols with the blood of her best and bravest children. Crime succeeded to crime and disgrace to disgrace, until the race, accursed of G.o.d and man, was a second time driven forth to wander on the face of the earth, and to be a byword and a shaking of the head to the nations."
"It is our pleasing task to turn now from the dark annals of our English forebears to the stupendous events of which that we to-day celebrate in the historical forecast. With the pa.s.sing years, a continuing tide of emigration was setting in from the Old to the New World. Additional settlements had sprung into being, and the Plantation in its distinctive sense had given way to the Colony, to be succeeded yet later by the State. The glory of Jamestown had measurably departed, and to Williamsburg, and yet later to the now splendid city upon the James, had been transferred the seat of Virginia authority. New England, despite natural obstacles and constant peril, was surely working out her large place in history.
Puritan, Quaker, Dutchman, Cavalier, Scotch-Irish, and Huguenot --"building better than they knew"--had established permanent habitations from Plymouth Rock to Savannah. Brave men from the early fringe of settlements upon the Atlantic--regardless of obstacle and danger--had pushed their way westward, and laid the sure foundations of future commonwealths. From New Hampshire to Georgia, thirteen English-speaking colonies, with a population aggregating near two millions, had attained to a large measure of the dignity of distinctive States. Their allegiance, meanwhile, to the mother country had been unfaltering, and in her fierce struggle with France for the mastery of the continent, America had sealed her loyalty with the best blood of her sons.
"The successors to the first House of Burgesses had learned well the lessons gleaned from the scant pages of their earliest history.
Attempts to tax the unrepresented colonies soon encountered concerted hostility. "No taxation without representation" became the universal slogan. The words spoken in the British Parliament by Barre--worthy comrade of the gallant Wolfe on the Heights of Abraham--near a century and a half after the event we now celebrate, will quicken the pulse of all coming generations of American patriots. Said he:
""Your oppressions planted them in America. They fled from your tyranny to a then uncultivated, unhospitable country where they exposed themselves to almost all the hardships to which human nature is liable, among others to the cruelties of a savage foe; they grew by your neglect of them. As soon as you began to care for them, that care was exercised in sending persons to rule them, to spy out their liberties, to misrepresent their actions and to prey upon them; men whose behavior on many occasions has caused the blood of those sons of liberty to recoil within them; men promoted to the highest seats of justice, some who, to my knowledge, were glad, by going to a foreign country, to escape being brought to the bar of a court of justice in their own. The colonists have n.o.bly taken up arms in your defence; have a.s.serted a valor amid their constant and laborious industry for the defence of a country whose frontier was drenched in blood. And, believe me--remember, I warn you--the same spirit of freedom which actuated that people at first will accompany them still."
"And how prophetic now seem the words of Burke in the same great debate:
""There is America, which at this day serves for little more than to amuse you with stories of savage men and uncouth manners, yet shall, before you taste of death, show itself equal to the whole of that commerce which now attracts the envy of the world."
"Standing at his hour almost within hailing distance of the spot that witnessed the surrender of Cornwallis and the termination of the War of the Revolution, it would be pa.s.sing strange if we should fail to catch something of the inspiration of the impa.s.sioned words of Barre and of Burke, and their wondrous a.s.sociations.
"It is said that in Venice there is sacredly preserved a letter written by Columbus a few hours before he sailed from Palos. With reverent expression of trust in G.o.d--humbly but with unfaltering faith--he spoke of his past voyage to "that famous land." His dream while a suppliant in the outer chambers of kings, and while keeping lonely vigil upon the deep, was the discovery of a new pathway to the Indies. Yet who can doubt that to his prophetic soul was even then fore-shadowed something of "that famous land"
with the warp and woof of whose history, tradition, and song his name and fame are linked for all time. Can it not truly be said of the members of the first House of Burgesses, as was said of Columbus and his compeers, "They were pioneers in the march to independence--precursors in the only progress of freedom which was to have no backward steps?" They only "opened the gates" and lo! there came in the builders of a new and mighty nation.
"Had it been given to the Virginia--the American--legislators whose memories we honor this day, "to look into the seeds of time," what mighty events, with the rolling years and centuries, would have pa.s.sed before their visions. They would have seen the colony they had planted in the wilderness, day by day strengthening its cords, enlarging its borders, and with firm tread advancing steadily to recognized place among the nations. They would have beheld the savage foe--giving way before the inexorable advance of the hated "pale face"--sadly retreating toward the ever-receding western verge of civilization. It would have been theirs to witness the symbols of French and Spanish authority disappear forever from mainland and island of the New World. Following the sun a thousand miles toward his setting, their eyes would have been gladdened by the great river flowing unvexed from northern lake to southern sea through a mighty realm that knew no allegiance other than to the government that here had its feeble beginning. They would--near a century and a half later than the meeting of the first House of Burgesses--have beheld their descendants listening in rapt attention to the impa.s.sioned denunciation by Patrick Henry of the tyranny of the royal successor of James the First; the thirteen colonies arming for the seven years" struggle with the most powerful of nations; the presentation, by a Virginian, in the wondrous a.s.semblage at Philadelphia of the Declaration of Independence; under the matchless leadership of a Virginian yet more ill.u.s.trious than Jefferson, the Colonial army, with decimated ranks and tattered standards, would have pa.s.sed in review--all past suffering, sacrifice, humiliation, and defeat forgotten in the hour of splendid triumph.
Yet later, and in the great convention over which Washington presided, and in which Madison was the chief factor, they would have witnessed the deathless principles of the historic Declaration crystallized into the Federal compact, which was destined forever to hold States and people in fraternal union. They would have seen a gallant people of the Old World--catching inspiration from the New--casting off the oppression of centuries and, through baptism of blood, fashioning a Republic upon that whose liberties they had so signally aided to establish. Yet later, and not France alone, but Mexico and States extending far to the southward, subst.i.tuting for monarchical rule that of the people under written Const.i.tutions modeled after that of the great American Republic. And yet more marvellous, in Great Britain the divine right of kings an exploded dogma; the royal successor to the Stuarts and George the Third only a ceremonial figurehead in government; the House of Lords in its death struggle; all real political power centred in the Commons, and England--though still under the guise of monarchy--essentially a republic.
"And what a grand factor Virginia has been in all that pertains to human government in this Western world during the past three centuries. From the pen of one of her ill.u.s.trious sons, George Mason, came the "Bill of Rights"--now in its essentials embedded by the early amendments into our Federal Const.i.tution; from that of another, not alone the great Declaration, but the statutes securing for his own State religious freedom, and the abolition of primogeniture--the detested legacy of British ancestors. His sword returned to its scabbard with the achievement of the independence of the colonies, and the mission of Washington was yet but half accomplished. To garner up the fruits of successful revolution by ensuring stable government was the task demanding the loftiest statesmanship. The five years immediately succeeding our first treaty of peace with Great Britain have been truly defined, "our period of greatest peril." It was fortunate, indeed, that Washington was called to preside over the historic convention of "87, and that his spirit--a yearning for an indissoluble union of the States-- permeated all its deliberations. Fortunate, indeed, that in its councils was his colleague and friend, the constructive statesman, James Madison. Inseparably a.s.sociated for all time with the formulation and interpretation of the great covenant are the names of two ill.u.s.trious Virginians--for all the ages ill.u.s.trious Americans --Madison, the father, and Marshall, the expounder of the Const.i.tution.
"It remained to another son of this first commonwealth, from the high place to which he had been chosen, to enunciate in trenchant words, at a crucial moment, a national policy which, under the designation of "the Monroe doctrine," has been the common faith of three generations of his countrymen and is to remain the enduring bar to the establishment of monarchial government upon this western hemisphere.
"Four decades later, at the striking of the hour that noted the inevitable "breaking with the past," it remained to still another ill.u.s.trious successor of Jefferson--alike of Virginian ancestry, and born within her original domain--by authoritative proclamation to liberate a race, and thereby, for all time, to give enlarged and grander meaning to our imperishable declaration of human rights.
"My countrymen, the little settlement planted just three centuries ago near the spot upon which we have to-day a.s.sembled has under divine guidance grown into a mighty nation. Eighty millions of people, proud of local traditions and achievements, yet looking beyond the mere confines of their distinctive commonwealths, find their chief glory in being citizens of the great Republic.
The mantle of peace is over our own land, and our accredited representatives in the world"s conference, at this auspicious hour, are outlining a policy that looks to the establishment of enduring peace among all the nations. To-day, inspired by the sublime lessons of the event we celebrate and with hearts of grat.i.tude to G.o.d for all he hath vouchsafed to our fathers and to us in the past, let us take courage, and turn our faces hopefully, reverently, trustingly to the future."
XLIII A NEW DAY ADDED TO THE CALENDAR
THE HIGH CHARACTER OF STERLING MORTON AS A MAN AND A PUBLIC SERVANT --HONORED BY CLEVELAND--ORIGINATOR OF ARBOR DAY.
I recall with pleasure years of close personal friendship with J. Sterling Morton. He was a gentleman of lofty character and recognized ability. Much of his life was given to the public service. As Secretary of Agriculture he was in close touch with President Cleveland during his last official term.
At the dedication of the monument erected to his memory at his home, Nebraska City, October 28, 1905, I spoke as follows:
"I count it high privilege to speak a few words upon an occasion so fraught with interest to this State, and to the entire country.
I gladly bear my humble tribute to the man whom I honored in life, and whose memory I cherish. A manlier man than Sterling Morton, one more thoughtful, kind, considerate, self-reliant, hopeful, I have not known. Truly--
"A man he seemed, of cheerful yesterdays, And confident to-morrows."
Of few men could it more truly be said, "He took counsel ever of his courage--never of his fears." With firm convictions upon pending vital issues, he did not shrink from the conflict. His antagonist he met in the open. In the words of Lord Brougham, "His weapons were ever those of the warrior--never of the a.s.sa.s.sin."
"This, is indeed no ordinary occasion. Here and now, we unveil a monument erected in honor of the memory of one who, alike in private life and in public station, ill.u.s.trated the n.o.blest characteristics of the American citizen. Something of his life and achievements we have heard with profound interest from the lips of the chosen orator of this great occasion, ex-President Cleveland --one indeed eminently fitted for the task. The orator was worthy the subject; the subject--honoring the memory of one of the benefactors of his age--worthy the orator.
"In all the relations of life, the man whose memory we honor this day was worthy the emulation of the young men who succeed him upon the stage of the world. With clear brain and clean hands he ably and faithfully administered high public trusts. He was in the loftiest sense worthy the personal and official a.s.sociation of the eminent Chief Magistrate at whose Council Board he sat, and whose confidence he fully shared.
"Fortune, indeed, came with both hands full to Nebraska, when J.
Sterling Morton, in early manhood, selected this struggling frontier State for his home. How well, and with what large interest, he repaid Nebraska for a confidence that knew no abatement, this n.o.ble monument is the enduring witness.
"Under his guiding hand, a new day was added to the calendar. The glory is his of having called Arbor Day into being. Touched by his magic wand, millions of trees now beautify and adorn this magnificent State. It is no mere figure of speech to say that the wilderness--by transition almost miraculous--has become a garden, the desolate places been made to blossom as the rose. "Tree-planting day" is now one of the sacred days of this commonwealth. Henceforth, upon its annual recurrence, ordinary avocations are to be suspended, and this day wholly set apart to pursuits which tend to beautify the home, make glorious the landscape, and gladden the hearts of all the people. Inseparably a.s.sociated in all the coming years with this day and its memories will be the name of J. Sterling Morton. That he was its inspiration, is his abiding fame.
"In other times, monuments have been erected to men whose chief distinction was, that desolation and human slaughter had marked their pathways. The hour has struck, and a new era dawned. The monument we now unveil is to one whose name brings no thoughts of decimated ranks, or of desolated provinces, no memories of beleaguered cities, of starving peoples, or of orphans" tears. In all the years, it will be a.s.sociated with glorious peace. Peace, "that hath her victories no less renowned than war"; peace, in whose train are happy homes, songs of rejoicing, the glad laughter of children, the planting of trees, and the golden harvest.
"Soft peace she brings; wherever she arrives, She builds our quiet as she forms our lives; Lays the rough paths of peevish nature even, And opens in each heart a little heaven.""
XLIV A MOUNTAIN COLLEGE
SUCH INSt.i.tUTIONS VALUABLE FOR MOULDING CHARACTER--MR. SCOTT BOTH HONORABLE AND PRUDENT IN BUSINESS--HIS GREATNESS AS AN AGRICULTURIST--HIS AVOIDANCE OF PUBLIC LIFE--HIS SOCIAL AND DOMESTIC VIRTUES--DEPENDENCE OF THE NATION ON THE CHARACTER OF ITS LITERARY INSt.i.tUTIONS.
In 1895, Mrs. Julia Green Scott, of Bloomington, Illinois, established a college in the mountains of Kentucky in honor of the memory of her husband. He was a native of Kentucky, and the inst.i.tution bears his honored name.
Upon the occasion of the dedication I spoke as follows:
"The dedication of the Matthew T. Scott, Jr., Collegiate Inst.i.tute marks an important epoch in the history of central eastern Kentucky.
It cannot be doubted that this inst.i.tution will be potent for good in moulding the character and fitting the youth of this and succeeding generations for the important duties that pertain to citizenship in a great Republic. Is it too much to believe that this may be reckoned as one of the many agencies in this land, that in the outstretched years will inspire our youth with yet higher ideals of duties that await them in life? Would that the words I now repeat of one of England"s great statesmen could be indelibly impressed upon the memory of all who may hereafter pa.s.s out from these walls: "Be inspired with the belief that life is a great and n.o.ble calling; not a mean and grovelling thing that we are to shuffle through as we can, but an elevated and lofty destiny."
"It is eminently fitting to this occasion, that I recall something of the man whose honored name has been appropriately given to this inst.i.tution. And yet, I am not unmindful of the fact that if in life he would shrink from public mention of his name, or of aught a.s.sociated with it in the way of benefactions. He was a native of Kentucky--born in Fayette County, February 4, 1828. His father, of the same name, was an honored citizen of Lexington, and for many years the leading banker of the State. The son inherited the high sense of personal honor, and the splendid capacity for business, that for a lifetime so eminently characterized his father.
A graduate of Centre College at the age of eighteen, his fortunes were soon cast in Central Illinois, where his remaining years were spent, and where his ashes now repose. During his early residence in Illinois Mr. Scott realized--as few men did fully at that day --the marvellous prosperity that surely awaited the development of the resources of that great State. It was the day of golden opportunity for the man of wise forecast. His investments were timely; his business methods all upon the highest plane. He became in time a large landed proprietor, and stood in the van of the advanced agriculturists of his day. He formulated enduring systems of tilling the soil, and making sure the munificent reward of labor wisely bestowed upon this, the primal calling of man. His methods were in large measure adopted by others, and have proved no unimportant factor in the development and prosperity of the great agricultural interests of the State.
"Mr. Scott was in the largest sense a man of affairs. He was ever the safe counsellor in the many business enterprises of which he was the founder. It were scant praise to say he was possessed of the highest integrity. His was indeed an integrity that could know no temptation. Faithful to every obligation, he was incapable of an ign.o.ble act. He was eminently a just man, possessing in a marked degree the st.u.r.dy characteristics of his Scotch-Irish ancestors. His principle in action was:
"For justice all place a temple, And all season Summer."
"He was in no sense a self-seeker. Deeply interested in public affairs, and having the courage of his convictions upon the exciting questions of the day, he was never a candidate for public office.
Declining the nomination tendered him by his party for Congress, he chose the quiet of home rather than the turmoil of public life.
In the advocacy, however, of what he believed to be for the public weal, "he took counsel ever of his courage, never of his fears." That he possessed the ability to have acquitted himself with honor in responsible positions of public trust, no one who knew him could doubt.
"Courteous to all with whom he came in contact, he was the highest type of the old-school gentleman. He exemplified in his daily life the truth of the poet"s words:
"That best portion of a good man"s life, His little, nameless, unremembered acts Of kindness and of love."
"No man ever had a loftier appreciation of what was due to woman.
There was in very truth a relish of old-time chivalry in his bearing in the presence of ladies. He was never happier than when surrounded by children, by whom he was ever trusted and loved.
"No higher tribute could be paid him than by the words spoken with equal truth of another: "With him the a.s.sured guardian of my children, I could have pillowed my head in peace."
"Holding steadily, and without reservation, to the Presbyterian faith of his fathers, he was none the less imbued with a true catholic spirit, and gave where needed, liberally of his abundance.
He was deeply touched by every tale of human sorrow,