A special development of the fable is the mock-epic "Reynard the Fox", one of the most noteworthy developments in literature of the Middle Ages. It is an elaborate, semi-epic set of stories in which Reynard is the embodiment of cunning and discreet valor, while his great enemy, Isegrim, the wolf, represents stupid strength. From the beginning of this set of fables, there is a tone of satirical comment on men and their affairs. In the later developments of the story, elaborate allegories are introduced, and monotonous moralizings take the place of the earlier, simpler humor.
The fable reached its greatest development in France, but all Europe shared in making and delighting in it.
Our extracts are taken from Caxton"s translation of the Flemish form of the legend.
FROM REYNARD THE FOX.
Part II. Chapter 33.
REYNARD AND ERSWYNDE (THE WOLF"S WIFE) AT THE WELL.
Then spoke Erswynde, the wolf"s wife, "Ach! Fell Reynard, no man can keep himself from thee, thou canst so well utter thy words and thy falseness; but it shall be evil, rewarded in the end. How broughtest thou me once, into the well, where the two buckets hung by one cord running through one pulley which went one up and another down? Thou sattest in one bucket beneath in the pit in great dread. I came thither and heard thee sigh and make sorrow, and asked thee how thou camest there. Thou saidst that thou hadst there so many good fishes eaten out of the water that thy belly wouldst burst. I said, "tell me how I shall come to thee." Then saidst thou: "Aunt, spring into that bucket that hangeth there, and thou shalt come anon to me." I did so, and I went downward and ye came upward, and then I was all angry. Thou saidst, "thus fareth the world, that one goeth up and another goeth down." Then sprang ye forth and went your way, and I abode there alone, sitting an whole day, sore and hungry and acold. And thereto had I many a stroke ere I could get thence." "Aunt," said the fox, "though the strokes did you harm, I had leifer ye had them than I, for ye may better bear them, for one of us must needs have had them. I taught you good; will you understand it and think on it, that ye another time take heed and believe no man over hastily, is he friend or cousin. For every man seeketh his own profit.
They be now fools that do not so, and especially when they be in jeopardy of their lives."
Part II. Chapter 35.
HOW ISEGRYM PROFFERED HIS GLOVE TO THE FOX FOR TO FIGHT WITH HIM.
The wolf said, "I may well forbear your mocks and your scorns, and also your fell, venomous words" strong thief that you are. Ye said that I was almost dead for hunger when ye helped me in my need. That is falsely lied; for it was but a bone that ye gave to me; ye had eaten away all the flesh that was thereon. And ye mock me and say that I am hungry here where I stand. That touched my worship too nigh. What many a spighty word have ye brought forth with false lesings.[1] And that I have conspired the king"s death, for the treasure that you have said to him is in Hulsterlo. And ye have also my wife shamed and slandered that she shall never recover it. And I should ever be disworshipped thereby if I avenged it not. I have forborne you long, but now ye shall not escape me. I cannot make here of great proof, but I say here before my lord, and before all them that been here, that thou art a false traitor and a murderer, and that I shall prove and make good on thy body within lists in the field, and that, body against body. And then shall our strife have an end. And thereto I cast to thee my glove, and take thou it up. I shall have right of thee or die therefor.
[1] Lyings.
Reynard the Fox thought, "how came I on this company? We been not both alike.[1] I shall not well con[2] stand against this strong thief. All my proof is now come to an end."
[1] Of equal strength. [2] Know how to.
Yet, thought the fox, "I have good advantage. The claws of his fore feet been off and his feet been yet sore thereof, when for my sake he was unshod. He shall be somewhat the weaker."
Then said the fox, "who that sayeth that I am a traitor or a murderer? I say he lieth falsely, and that art thou especially Isegrym. Thou bringest me there as I would be. This have I oft desired. Lo! there is my pledge that all thy words been false and that I shall defend me and make good that thou liest.
The king received the pledges and amitted[1] the battle, and asked borrows[2] of them both, that on the morn they should come and perform their battle and do as they ought to do. Then the Bear and the Cat were borrows for the wolf, and for the Fox were borrows Grymbert,[3] the da.s.se,[4] and Bytelnys.[5]
[1] Admitted. [2] Pledges. [3] The badger. [4] A small fox. [5]
The elder daughter of the apes.
TALES.
French mediaeval literature includes many tales less elaborate in form and less "heroic" in subject than the epics and romances and without the satire and humor of the fables. The best of them are the love stories, and of these the most beautiful is "Auca.s.sin and Nicolette", by an unknown trouvere of the thirteenth century.
It is an alternation of prose narrative and dainty narrative lyrics. The story is that of two lovers parted temporarily by the pride and cruelty of the youth"s father. But, remaining true to each other, they are, after many vicissitudes, happily united.
Our extracts are from Bourdillon"s beautiful translation.
FROM AUCa.s.sIN AND NICOLETTE.
Sec. 1.-- Who were fain good verse to hear, Of the aged captives" cheer, Of two children fair and feat, Auca.s.sin and Nicolette,-- What great sorrows suffered he, And what deeds did valiantly For his love, so bright of blee?
Sweet the song, and fair the say, Dainty and of deft array.
So astonied wight is none, Nor so doleful nor undone, None that doth so sorely ail, If he hear, shall not be hale, And made glad again for bliss, So sweet it is!
The hero refuses to become a knight and go to war unless his father will give him Nicolette for wife.
Sec. 8.-- Auca.s.sin was of Beaucaire, And abode in castle fair.
None can move him to forget Dainty-fashioned Nicolette Whom his sire to him denies; And his mother sternly cries: "Out on thee! what wilt thou, loon?
Nicolette is blithe and boon?
Castaway from Carthage she!
Bought of Paynim compayne!
If with woman thou wilt mate, Take thee wife of high estate!"
"Mother, I can else do ne"er!
Nicolette is debonair; Her lithe form, her face, her bloom, Do the heart of me illume.
Fairly mine her love may be So sweet is she!"
This the father refuses to do, and has Nicolette shut up in a tower. But the son stubbornly persists. At last it is agreed that if Auca.s.sin returns from fighting he may see and kiss his lover.
Sec. 9.-- Auca.s.sin heard of the kiss Which on return shall be his.
Had one given him of pure gold Marks a hundred thousand told, Not so blithe of hear he were.
Rich array he bade them bear: They made ready for his wear.
He put on a hauberk lined, Helmet on his head did bind, Girt his sword with hilt pure gold, Mounted on his charger bold; Spear and buckler then he took; At his two feet cast a look: They trod in the stirrups trim.
Wondrous proud he carried him His dear love he thought upon, And his good horse spurred anon, Who right eagerly went on.
Through the gate he rode straightway, Into the fray.
Auca.s.sin was greatly successful, but on his return his father would not keep his promise, and shut him up in prison.
Sec. 12.-- Auca.s.sin was put in prison, as you have listened and heard, and Nicolette on the other hand, was in the chamber. It was in the summer-time, in the month of May, when the days are warm, long, and bright, and the nights still and cloudless. Nicolette lay one night on her bed and saw the moon shine bright through a window, and heard the nightingale sing in the garden, and then she bethought her of Auca.s.sin, her friend, whom she loved so much.
She began to consider of the Count Garin of Beaucaire, who hated her to death; and she thought to herself that she would remain there no longer; since if she were betrayed, and the Count Garin knew it, he would make her to die an evil death. She perceived that the old woman who was with her was asleep. She got up, and put on a gown which she had, of cloth-of-silk and very good; and she took bedclothes and towels, and tied one to another, and made a rope as long as she could, and tied it to the pillar of the window, and let herself down into the garden; and she took her dress in one hand before and in the other behind, and tucked it up, because of the dew which she saw thick on the gra.s.s, and she went away down in the garden.
Her hair was golden and in little curls, and her eyes blue-gray and laughing, and- her face oval, and her nose high and well set, and her lips vermeil, so as is no rose nor cherry in summertime, and her teeth white and small, and her bosom was firm, and heaved her dress as if it had been two walnuts; and atween the sides she was so slender that you could have clasped her in your two hands; and the daisy blossoms which she broke off with the toes of her feet, which lay fallen over on the bend of her foot, were right black against her feet and her legs, so very white was the maiden.
She came to the postern door, and unfastened it, and went out through the streets of Beaucaire, keeping in the shadow, for the moon shone very bright; and she went on till she came to the tower where her lover was. The tower was sh.o.r.ed up here and there, and she crouched down by one of the pillars, and wrapped herself in her mantle; and she thrust her head into a c.h.i.n.k in the tower, which was old and ruinous, and heard Auca.s.sin within weeping and making great ado, and lamenting for his sweet friend whom he loved so much. And when she had listened enough to him she began to speak.
After telling each their love, Nicolette was obliged to flee. She went to a great forest and talked with the herd-boys.
Sec. 19.-- Nicolette, bright-favored maid, To the herds her farewell bade, And her journey straight addressed Right amid the green forest, Down a path of olden day; Till she reached an open way Where seven roads fork, that go out Through the region round about.
Then the thought within her grew, She will try her lover true, If he love her as he said: She took many a lily head, With the bushy kermes-oak shoot, And of leafy boughs to boot, And a bower so fair made she,-- Daintier I did never see!
By the ruth of heaven she sware, Should Auca.s.sin come by there, And not rest a little s.p.a.ce, For her love"s sake" in that place, He should ne"er her lover be, Nor his love she.
Auca.s.sin escapes, comes to the forest, finds his lover, and they agree to go away together.
Sec. 27-- Auca.s.sin, the fair, the blond, Gentle knight and lover fond, Rode from out the thick forest; In his arms his love was pressed, On the saddlebow before; And he kissed her o"er and o"er, Eyes and brows and lips and chin.
Then to him did she begin;
"Auca.s.sin, fair lover sweet, To what country shall we fleet?
"Sweet my love, what should I know?
Little care I where we go, In the greenwood or away, So I am with thee alway."
Hill and vale they fleeted by, Town and fortress fenced high, Till they came at dawn of day Where the sea before them lay; There they lighted on the sand, Beside the strand.
They have many adventures and are again separated. Nicolette is carried to Carthage. She finally escapes and makes her way in disguise to Beaucaire where Auca.s.sin was.
Sec. 39.-- Auca.s.sin was at Beaucaire "Neath the tower a morning fair.