When Broderick fell, one of the bystanders, named Davis, shouted out:
"That is murder, by G.o.d!"
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Drawing his own weapon, he started for Terry, exclaiming: "I am Broderick"s friend. I"m not going to see him killed in that way. If you are men you will join me in avenging his death!"
Some cool heads in the mult.i.tude restrained him, pointing out that if he attacked Terry there would be a general _melee_, from which few on the ground would escape, and they finally succeeded in getting him away.
Broderick lingered for three days.
"They have killed me," he said, "because I was opposed to slavery and a corrupt administration."
Colonel Edward D. Baker, who was killed at Ball"s Bluff in the Civil War, received his friend"s last words.
"I tried to stand firm when I was wounded, but I could not. The blow blinded me."
Terry was tried for murder, but by influence and other means he was never convicted, and escaped all punishment save that inflicted by his conscience.
In judging these affairs, it must be remembered that many of the most prominent Americans of the past--Benton, Clay, Calhoun and Houston among them--fought duels. And it is well known that only Abraham Lincoln"s wit and humor saved him from a deadly encounter with General James Shields, whose challenge he accepted.
[1] The reader may consult my book "The True Andrew Jackson" for a detailed account of this interesting transaction.
[2] See my "Border Fights and Fighters" in this series for an account of this dramatic and heroic adventure.
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III
The Cruise of the _Tonquin_
A Forgotten Tragedy in Early American History
On the morning of the 8th of September, 1810, two ships were running side by side before a fresh southwesterly breeze off Sandy Hook, New York. One was the great United States ship _Const.i.tution_, Captain Isaac Hull; the other was the little full-rigged ship _Tonquin_, of two hundred and ninety tons burden.
This little vessel was captained by one Jonathan Thorn, who was at the time a lieutenant in the United States Navy. He had obtained leave of absence for the purpose of making a cruise in the _Tonquin_. Thorn was a thoroughly experienced seaman and a skilled and practised navigator.
He was a man of magnificent physique, with a fine war record.
He was with Decatur in the _Intrepid_ when he put the captured _Philadelphia_ to flames six years before. In the subsequent desperate gunboat fighting at Tripoli, Midshipman Thorn had borne so distinguished a part that he received special commendation by Commodore Preble. As to his other qualities, Washington Irving, who knew him from infancy, wrote of him to the last with a warm affection which nothing could diminish.
Mr. John Jacob Astor, merchant, fur-trader, financier, had pitched upon Thorn as the best man to take {262} the ship bearing the first representatives of the Pacific Fur Company around the Horn and up to the far northwestern American coast to make the first settlement at Astoria, whose history is so interwoven with that of our country.
Mr. Astor already monopolized the fur trade of the Far West south of the Great Lakes. His present plan was to form a fur company and establish a series of trading posts along the Missouri River, reaching overland across the Rocky Mountains until they joined the posts on the Pacific. The place he selected for his Pacific depot was the mouth of the Columbia River.
The princ.i.p.al rival of the Astor Fur Trading Company was the Northwest Company. Astor tried to persuade the company to join him in his new venture. When it refused to do so as an organization, he approached individual employees of the Company, and in 1810 formed the Pacific Fur Company. Among the incorporators were four Scottish Canadians, Messrs.
McKay, McDougall, David Stuart, and Robert, his nephew. There were several other partners, including Wilson Price Hunt, of New Jersey.
It was planned that Hunt should lead an overland expedition from St.
Louis, while the four Scotsmen mentioned went around the Horn, and that they should meet at the mouth of the Columbia River, where the trading post was to be situated. Most of the employees of the company were Canadians who had enjoyed large experience in the fur business. Among these were included a large number of French _voyageurs_.
Thus the _Tonquin_, owned by a German, captained by an American, with a crew including Swedes, French, English, Negroes, and Americans, carrying out a party of Scottish and French Canadians and one Russian, {263} started on her memorable voyage to establish a trading post under the American flag! The crew of the _Tonquin_ numbered twenty-three men. The number of pa.s.sengers was thirty-three.
The story of her voyage is related in the letters of the captain to Mr.
Astor, and more fully in a quaint and curious French journal published at Montreal in 1819, by M. Gabriel Franchere, one of the Canadian clerks who made the voyage.
The _Tonquin_ was pierced for twenty guns, only ten small ones being mounted. The other ports were provided with imposing wooden dummies.
She had a high p.o.o.p and a topgallant forecastle. The four partners, with James Lewis, acting captain"s clerk, and one other, with the two mates, slept in the cabin or wardroom below the p.o.o.p. Forward of this main cabin was a large room extending across the ship, called the steerage, in which the rest of the clerks, the mechanics, and the Canadian boatmen were quartered.
Thorn seems to have felt to the full all the early naval officer"s utterly unmerited contempt for the merchant service. It is also the habit of the Anglo-Saxon to hold the French in slight esteem on the sea. The Canadians were wretched sailors, and Thorn despised them.
Thorn also cherished a natural hatred against the English, who were carrying things with a high hand on our coast. He began the voyage with a violent prejudice against the four partners on his ship.
Indeed, the _Const.i.tution_ had convoyed the _Tonquin_ to sea because it was rumored that a British brig-o"-war intended to swoop down upon her and take off the English subjects on board. It was quite evident that war would shortly break out between England {264} and the United States, and the Scottish partners had surrept.i.tiously consulted the English consul as to what they should do if hostilities began. They were informed that in that case they would be treated as British subjects--a fine situation for an American expedition!
With such a spirit in the captain, and such a feeling on the part of the pa.s.sengers, the relations between them were bound to become strained. Hostilities began at once. The first night out Thorn ordered all lights out at eight bells. This in spite of all the remonstrances of the four partners, who, as representing Mr. Astor, considered themselves, properly enough, as owners of the ship. These gentlemen did not wish to retire at so early an hour, nor did they desire to spend the intervening time in darkness. They remonstrated with Thorn, and he told them, in the terse, blunt language of a seaman, to keep quiet or he would put them in irons. In case he attempted that, they threatened to resort to firearms for protection. Finally, however, the captain allowed them a little longer use of their lights.
Thus was inaugurated a long, disgraceful wrangle that did not cease while life lasted.
There was doubtless much fault on both sides, but, in spite of the brilliant advocate who has pleaded Thorn"s cause, I cannot but admit that he was decidedly the more to blame. He carried things with a high hand, indeed, treating the partners as he might a graceless lot of undisciplined midshipmen.
A voyage around the Horn in those days was no slight matter. The _Tonquin_ was a remarkably good sailer, but it was not until the 5th of October that they sighted the Cape Verde Islands. There they struck the Trades, and went booming down the African coast {265} at a great rate. There, also, they were pursued by a large man-o"-war brig. On the third day she drew so near that Thorn prepared for action, whereupon the brig sheered off, and left them.
On the 11th of October they ran into a terrific storm, which prevailed until the 21st, when they found themselves off the River Plate. While the storm was at its height the man at the wheel was thrown across the deck by a sudden jump of the wheel and severely injured, breaking three of his ribs and fracturing his collar-bone[1]. Thorn"s seamanship during the trying period was first cla.s.s. After the gale blew itself out, a fresh breeze succeeded, which enabled them rapidly to run down their southing. The water supply had grown very low, and it was determined to run in to the Falkland Islands to fill the casks.
They made a landfall on the 3rd of December, got on sh.o.r.e on one of the smaller islets on the 4th, found no water, and were driven to sea to seek an offing on the 5th by a gale. On the 6th they landed at Point Egmont on the West Falkland, and found a fine spring of fresh water.
As it would take several days to fill the casks, all the pa.s.sengers went ash.o.r.e and camped on the deserted island. They amused themselves by fishing, shooting and rambling about. On the 11th of the month the captain, having filled his water-casks, signalled for every man to come aboard, by firing a gun. Eight pa.s.sengers, including McDougall and Stuart, happened to be on sh.o.r.e at the time. They had wandered around to the other side of the island, and did not hear the report of the gun. Thorn, after waiting a short time, weighed anchor and filled away from {266} the island, firmly resolved to leave the men ash.o.r.e, marooned and dest.i.tute of supplies on that desolate and uninhabited spot, where they must inevitably perish of starvation and exposure.
Some of the abandoned pa.s.sengers happened to see the _Tonquin_ fast leaving the island. In great alarm they hastily summoned all the other wanderers, and the eight got into a small boat twenty feet long, which had been left with them, and rowed after the rapidly receding ship.
They had not the slightest hope of catching her unless she waited for them, but they pulled for her with furious energy, nevertheless. As the _Tonquin_ got from under the lee of the land the breeze freshened and she drew away from them with every pa.s.sing moment in spite of their manful work at the oars. When they had about given up in exhaustion and despair, the ship suddenly changed her course and stood toward them.
Franchere says that it was because young Stuart put a pistol to the captain"s head and swore that he would blow out his brains unless he went back for the boat. The captain"s account to Mr. Astor is that a sudden shift of wind compelled him to come about and this gave the boat an opportunity to overhaul him. There was a scene of wild recrimination when the boat reached the ship, shortly after six bells (3 P. M.), but it did not seem to bother Thorn in the least.
On the 18th of December, they were south and east of Cape Horn. The weather was mild and pleasant, but before they could make headway enough against the swift easterly current to round that most dangerous point it came on to blow a regular Cape Horn gale. After seven days of hard beating they celebrated Christmas under pleasanter auspices in the southern Pacific.
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Their run northward was uneventful, and on the 11th of February, 1811, they sighted the volcano of Mauna Loa in the Sandwich Islands. They landed on the 12th and spent sixteen days among the different islands, visiting, filling the water-casks, and buying fresh meat, vegetables, and live-stock from Kamehameha I.
While Captain Thorn was hated by the pa.s.sengers, he was not loved by his officers. Singularly enough, he seems to have been well liked by the crew, although there were some exceptions even there. Anderson, the boatswain, left the ship at Hawaii. There had been difficulties between them, and the captain was glad to see him go. A sample of Thorn"s method of administering discipline is interesting.
The day they sailed a seaman named Aymes strayed from the boat party, and was left behind when the boat returned to the ship. In great terror Aymes had some natives bring him aboard in a canoe. A longboat loaded with fodder for the live-stock lay alongside. As Aymes clambered into the long-boat, the captain, who was furiously angry, sprang down into the boat, seized Aymes with one hand and a stout piece of sugar-cane with the other. With this formidable weapon the unfortunate sailor was beaten until he screamed for mercy. After wearing out the sugarcane upon him, with the remark that if he ever saw him on the sloop again, he would kill him, the captain pitched him into the water. Aymes, who was a good swimmer, made the best of his way to the sh.o.r.e, and stayed there with Anderson. Twenty-four natives were shipped at Hawaii, twelve for the crew and twelve for the new settlement.
On the 16th of March they ran into another storm, of such violence that they were forced to strike their {268} topgallant masts and scud under double-reefed foresail. As they were nearing the coast, the ship was hove to at night. Early on the morning of the 22nd of March, they sighted land, one hundred and ninety-five days and twenty thousand miles from Sandy Hook. The weather was still very severe, the wind blowing in heavy squalls and the sea running high, and the captain did not think it prudent to approach the sh.o.r.e nearer than three miles.
His navigation had been excellent, however, for before them lay the mouth of the Columbia River, the object of their long voyage. They could see the waves breaking over the bar with tremendous force as they beat to and fro along the coast.