56 x 5 --- 280 PER TON.
Therefore these gla.s.ses are worth respectively--56 times, 140 times, and 280 times as much upon the bench as they are when thrown below it! And yet I ask you--employer or employed--is it not the case that, often--shall we not say "generally"?--in any given job as much goes below as remains above if the work is in fairly small pieces? Is not the accompanying diagram a fair ill.u.s.tration (fig. 63) of about the average relation of the shape cut to its margin of waste?
[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 63.]
Employers estimate this waste variously. I have heard it placed as high as two-thirds; that is to say, that the gla.s.s, when leaded up, only measured one-third of the material used, or, in other words, that the workman had wasted twice as much as he used. This, I admit, was told me in my character as _customer_, and by way of explaining what I considered a high charge for work; but I suppose that no one with experience of stained-gla.s.s work would be disposed to place the amount of waste lower than one-half.
Now a good cutter will take between two and three hours to cut a square foot of average stained-gla.s.s work, fairly simple and large in scale; that is to say, supposing his pay one shilling an hour--which is about the top price--the material he deals with is about the same value as his time if he is using the cheapest gla.s.ses only. If this then is the case when the highest-priced labour is dealing only with the lowest-priced material, we may a.s.sume it as the general rule for stained-gla.s.s cutting, _on the average_, that "_labour is less costly than the material on which it is spent_," and I would even say much less costly.
But it is not to be supposed that the little more care in avoiding waste which I am advocating would reduce his speed of work more than would be represented by two pence or three pence an hour.
But I fear that all suggestions as to mitigating this state of things are of little use. The remedy is to play into each other"s hands by becoming, all of us, complete, all-round craftsmen; breaking down all the unnatural and harmful barriers that exist between "artists" and "workmen," and so fitting ourselves to take an intelligent interest in both the artistic and economic side of our work.
The possibility of this all depends on the personal relations and personal influence in any particular shop--and employers and employed must worry the question out between them. I am content with pointing out the facts.
CHAPTER XIV
Of Perfection--In Little Things--Cleanliness--Alertness--But not Hurry--Realising your Conditions--False Lead-Lines--Shutting out Light--Bars--Their Number--Their Importance--Precedence--Observing your Limitations--A Result of Complete Training--The Special Limitations of Stained-Gla.s.s--Disguising the Lead-Line--No full Realism--No violent Action--Self-Effacement--No Craft-Jugglery--Architectural Fitness founded on Architectural Knowledge--Seeing Work _in Situ_--Sketching in Gla.s.s--The Artistic Use of the Lead--Stepping Back--Accepting Bars and Leads--Loving Care--White s.p.a.ces to be Interesting--Bringing out the "Quality" of the Gla.s.s--Spotting and Dappling--"Builders-Glazing" _versus_ Modern Restoring.
The second question of principle that I would dwell upon is that of _perfection_.
Every operation in the arts should be perfect. It has to be so in most arts, from violin-playing to circus-riding, before the artist dare make his bow to the public.
Placing on one side the question of the higher grades of art which depend upon special talent or genius--the great qualities of imagination, composition, form and colour, which belong to mastership--I would now, in this book, intended for students, dwell upon those minor things, the doing of which well or ill depends only upon good-will, patience, and industry.
Anyone can wash a brush clean; any one can keep the colour on his palette neat; can grind it all up each time it is used; can cover it over with a basin or saucer when his work is over; and yet these things are often neglected, though so easy to do. The painter will _neglect_ to wash out his brush; and it will be clogged with pigment and gum, get dry, and stick to the palette, and the points of the hair will tear and break when it is removed again by the same careless hand that left it there.
Another will leave portions of his colour, caked and dry, at the edges of his palette for weeks, till all is stale; and then, when the spirit moves him, will some day work this in, full of dirt and dust, with the fresher colour. Everything, everything should be done well! From the highest forms of painting to tying up a parcel or washing out a brush;--all tools should be clean at all times, the handles as well as the hair--there is _no excuse_ for the reverse; and if your tools are dirty, it is by the same defect of your character that will make you slovenly in your work. Painting does not demand the same actual _swiftness_ as some other arts; nevertheless each touch that you place upon the gla.s.s, though it may be deliberate, should be deft, athletic, perfect in itself; the nerves braced, the attention keen, and the powers of soul and body as much on the alert as they would need to be in violin-playing, fencing, or dissecting.
This is not to advocate _hurry_. That is another matter altogether, for which also there is no excuse. Never hurry, or ask an a.s.sistant to hurry. Windows are delayed, even promises broken (though that can scarce be defended), there may be "ire in celestial minds"; but that is all forgotten when we are dead; and we soon shall be, but not the window.
Another thing to note, which applies generally throughout all practice, is the wisdom, of getting as near as you can to your conditions. For instance, the bits of gla.s.s in a window are separated by lead lines; pitch-black, therefore, against the light of day outside. Now, when waxed up on the plate in the shop for painting, these will be separated by thin cracks of light, and in this condition they are usually painted.
Can"t you do better than that? Don"t you think it"s worth while spending half-an-hour to paint false lead lines on the back of the plate? A ha"p"orth of lamp-black from the oil-shop, with a little water and treacle and a long-haired brush, like a coach-painter"s, will do it for you (see Plate XIII.).
Another thing: when the window is in its place, each _light_ will be surrounded with stone or brick, which, although not so black as the lead lines, will tell as a strong dark against the gla.s.s. See therefore that while you are painting, your gla.s.s is surrounded by dark, or at any rate not by clear, glittering light. Strips of brown paper, pinned down the sides of the light you are painting, will get the thing quite near to its future conditions.
As you have been told, the work is fixed in its place by bars of iron, and these ought by no means to be despised or ignored or disguised, as if they were a troublesome necessity: you must accept fully and willingly the conditions of your craft; you must pride yourself upon so accepting them, knowing that they are the wholesome checks upon your liberty and the proper boundaries of the field in which you have your appointed work. There should, in any light more than a foot wide, be bars at every foot throughout the length of the light; and these bars should be 1/2 inch, 3/4 inch, or 1 inch in section, according to the weight of the work. The question then arises: Should the bars be set out in their places on the paper, before you begin to draw the cartoon, or should you be perfectly free and unfettered in the drawing and then _make_ the bars fit in afterwards, by moving them up and down as may be needed to avoid cutting across the faces, hands, &c.
I find more difficulty in answering this than any other _technical_ question in this book. I do not think it can be answered with a hard and fast "Yes" or "No." It depends on the circ.u.mstances of the case. But I incline towards the side of making it the rule to put the bars in first, and adapt the composition to them. You may think this a surprising view for an artist to take. "Surely," you will say, "that is putting the cart before the horse, and making the more important thing give way to the less!" But my feeling is that reasonable limitations of any kind ought never to be considered as hindrances in a work of art. They are part of the problem, and it is only a spirit of dangerous license which will consider them as bonds, or will find them irksome, or wish to break them through. Stained-gla.s.s is not an independent art. It is an accessory to architecture, and any limitations imposed by structure and architectural propriety or necessity are most gravely to be considered and not lightly laid on one side. And in this connection it must be remembered that the bars cannot be made to go _anywhere_ to fit a freely designed composition: they must be approximately at certain distances on account of use; and they must be arranged with regard to each other in the whole of the window on account of appearance.
You might indeed find that, in any single light, it is quite easy to arrange them at proper and serviceable distances, without cutting across the heads or hands of the figures; but it is ten chances to one that you can get them to do so, and still be level with each other, throughout a number of lights side by side.
The best plan, I think, is to set them out on the side of the cartoon-paper before you begin, but not so as to notice them; then first roughly strike out the position your most important groups or figures are to occupy, and, before you go on with the serious work of drawing, see if the bars cut awkwardly, and, if they do, whether a slight shifting of them will clear all the important parts; it often will, and then all is well; but I do not shrink from slightly altering even the position of a head or hand, rather than give a laboured look to what ought to be simple and straightforward by "coaxing" the bars up and down all over the window to fit in with the numerous heads and hands.
If, by the way, I see fit in any case to adopt the other plan, and make my composition first, placing the bars afterwards to suit it, I never allow myself to shift them from the level that is convenient and reasonable for anything _except_ a head; I prefer even that they should cut across a hand, for instance, rather than that they should be placed at inconvenient intervals to avoid it.
The principle of observing your limitations is, I do not hesitate to say, the most important, and far the most important, of all principles guiding the worker in the right practising of any craft.
The next in importance to it is the right exercise of all legitimate freedom _within_ those limitations. I place them in this order, because it is better to stop short, by nine-tenths, of right liberty, than to take one-tenth of wrong license. But by rights the two things should go together, and, with the requisite skill and training to use them, const.i.tute indeed the whole of the practice of a craft.
Modern division of labour is much against both of these things, the observance of which charms us so in the ancient Gothic Art of the Middle Ages.
For, since those days, the craft has never been taught as a whole.
Reader! this book cannot teach it you--no book, can; but it can make you--and it was written with the sole object of making you--_wish_ to be taught it, and determine to be taught it, if you intend to practise stained-gla.s.s work at all.
Modern stained-gla.s.s work is done by numerous hands, each trained in a special skill--to design, or to paint, or to cut, or to glaze, or to fire, or to cement--but none are taught to do all; very few are taught to do more than one or two. How, then, can any either use rightful liberty or observe rightful limitations? They do not know their craft, upon which these things depend. And observe how completely also these two things depend upon each other. You may be rightly free, _because_ you have rightly learnt obedience; you know your limitations, and, _therefore_, you may be trusted to think, and feel, and act for yourself.
This is what makes old gla.s.s, and indeed all old art, so full of life, so full of interest, so full of enjoyment--in places, and right places, so full even of "fun." Do you think the charming grotesques that fill up every nook and corner sometimes in the minor detail of mediaeval gla.s.s or carving could ever be done by the method of a "superior person" making a drawing of them, and an inferior person laboriously translating them in _facsimile_ into the material? They are what they are because they were the spontaneous and allowed license and play of a craftsman who knew his craft, and could be trusted to use it wisely, at any rate in all minor matters.
THE LIMITATIONS OF STAINED-GLa.s.s.
The limitations of stained-gla.s.s can only be learnt at the bench, and by years of patient practice and docile service; but it may be well to mention some of them.
_You must not disguise your lead line._ You must accept it willingly, as a limitation of your craft, and make it contribute to the beauty of the whole.
"But I have a light to do of the "Good Shepherd," and I want a landscape and sky, and how ugly lead lines look in a pale-blue sky! I get them like shapes of cloud, and still it cuts the sky up till it looks like "random-rubble" masonry." Therefore large s.p.a.ces of pale sky are "taboo," they will not do for gla.s.s, and you must modify your whole outlook, your whole composition, to suit what _will_ do. If you must have sky, it must be like a t.i.tian sky--deep blue, with well-defined ma.s.ses of cloud--and you must throw to the winds resolutely all idea of attempting to imitate the softness of an English sky; and even then it must not be in a large ma.s.s: you can always break it up with branched-work of trees, or with buildings.
_There should be no full realism of any kind._
_No violent action must a.s.sert itself in a window._
I do not say that there must not, in any circ.u.mstances, be any violent action--the subject may demand it; but, if so, it must be so disguised by the craftsmanship of the work, or treated so decoratively, or so mixed up with the background or surroundings, that you do not see a figure in violent action starting prominently out from the window as you stand in the church. But, after all, this is a thing of artistic sense and discretion, and no rules can be formulated. The Parthenon frieze is of figures in rapid movement. Yet what repose! And in stained-gla.s.s you must aim at repose. Remember,--it is an accessory to architecture; and who is there that does not want repose in architecture? Name me a great building which does not possess it? How the architects must turn in their graves, or, if living, shake in their shoes, when they see the stained-gla.s.s man turned into their buildings, to display himself and spread himself abroad and blow his trumpet!
Efface yourself, my friend; sink yourself; ill.u.s.trate the building; consider its lines and lights and shades; enrich it, complete it, make people happier to be in it.
_There must be no craft-jugglery in stained-gla.s.s._
The art must set the craft simple problems; it must not set tasks that can only be accomplished by trickery or by great effort, disproportioned to the importance of the result. But, indeed, you will naturally get the habit of working according to this rule, and other reasonable rules, if you yourself work at the bench--all lies in that.
_There must be nothing out of harmony with the architecture._
And, therefore, you must know something of architecture, not in order to imitate the work of the past and try to get your own mistaken for it, but to learn the love and reverence and joy of heart of the old builders, so that your spirit may harmonise with theirs.
_Do not shrink from the trouble and expense of seeing the work_ in situ, _and then, if necessary, removing it for correction and amendment._
If you have a large window, or a series of windows, to do, it is often not a very great matter to take a portion of one light at least down and try it in its place. I have done it very often, and I can a.s.sure you it is well worth while.
OF MAKING A SKETCH IN GLa.s.s.
But there is another thing that may help you in this matter, and that is to sketch out the colour of your window in small pieces of gla.s.s--in fact, to make a scale-sketch of it in gla.s.s. A scale of one inch to a foot will do generally, but all difficult or doubtful combinations of colour should be sketched larger--full size even--before you venture to cut.
_Work should be kept flat by leading._