"Ah, yes! and that is, of course, especially true of those who erected the n.o.ble _stone_ roofs of our cathedrals, and many parish churches too.
Nothing, of course, can equal the stone roof with its beautiful carvings and mouldings, richly gilt and coloured. Nothing like stone for colour!
How very beautiful is the deep blue, with its golden stars, over the altar in our own cathedral! They look well in our own church, but the colours are richer there, not so much faded. That representation of Heaven"s canopy mantling over the most holy part of our church always seems to me so very appropriate and suggestive."
"It is a matter of surprise to me," said the Squire, "that more care has not generally been taken to beautify the _external_ part of our church roofs. What relief is given to the long line of a nave roof by a good patterned row of ridge tiles, or by some ornamental ironwork on the ridge! The gable cross considerably relieves the chancel roof. And where the roof is of stone, why don"t we have richly-carved _external_, as well as internal, stone-work? That, to my mind, is the perfection of a stone roof[190]."
At this point, the attention of both was directed to little Harry, old Matthew"s grandson, who, with a fixed expression of deep thoughtfulness, was looking up to wards the roof of the church.
"Why so very serious just now, my dear boy? What may your thoughts be about, Harry?" said the Vicar.
"Please, sir, I was wondering what they used to do with the roof-gallery, where we"ve been putting the evergreens?"
"What does he mean by the roof-gallery?" said Mr. Acres.
"Oh, he means the triforium[191]."
"I must confess that is still more unintelligible to me. Please explain it to me, as well as to Harry, for we are evidently equally ignorant about it."
"The triforium is the gallery you see just above the arches of the nave--between them and the clerestory. It is not commonly found in parish churches, but I believe all cathedrals have it. It generally extends nearly all round the building. There are different opinions as to its original purpose. Some suppose that it was reserved for the use of women. On the Continent, it has been set apart for young men, or for strangers. It is the opinion of some that it was merely built for affording ready access to the various parts of the roof. As an architectural feature, it is very effective, and occupies a s.p.a.ce which would otherwise be a blank wall. In this country, however, we know that it was often used for a similar purpose to that for which we have now been using it--the ornamentation of the church on special festivals, when banners and tapestry and other ornaments were suspended from the several arches[192]."
"I have often, like little Harry, looked up at those arches and wondered what they were built for; and, not knowing, I came to the conclusion that the pa.s.sage must have been used for religious processions."
"It is not at all improbable that occasionally they were so used. And I can hardly imagine any thing more solemn than a torch-light procession of chanting choristers threading their way round the sacred building, the sound of their voices undulating in solemn cadence as they would pa.s.s the arches of the triforium, and then dying away amid the groined or timber roof above them."
Ill.u.s.tration: Clerestory Window
_CHAPTER XXIX_
THE TOWER
"The house that is to be builded for the Lord must be exceeding magnifical."
1 Chron. xxii. 5.
"Lift it gently to the steeple, Let our bell be set on high; There fulfil its daily mission, Midway "twixt the earth and sky.
"As the birds sing early matins To the G.o.d of nature"s praise, This its n.o.bler daily music To the G.o.d of grace shall raise.
"And when evening shadows soften Chancel-cross, and tower, and aisle, It shall blend its vesper summons With the day"s departing smile.
"Year by year the steeple-music O"er the tended graves shall pour Where the dust of saints is garner"d, Till the Master comes once more."
J. M. NEALE.
Ill.u.s.tration: Meopham Church
THE TOWER
When the Vicar and the Squire met on their way to church the following day, the conversation of the previous evening was thus resumed:--
"You will, I am sure, agree with me," said Mr. Ambrose, "in regarding the church spire as ever teaching _outside_ the building the same lesson that the open timber roof, as you so truly said yesterday, is teaching _inside_. It is always pointing the thoughts of thoughtful men up above the earthly temple."
"Quite so; and, as is the case with many other great teachers, the earthly fabric has, I believe, in both these cases, a very humble origin; for as the grandest cathedral roof is but a development of the simple _tent_ which formed the early habitation of the once rude inhabitants of this and other countries, so has its lofty and elegant spire gradually raised itself from the low and unpretending roof which covered in the towers of our earliest parish churches.
"I am inclined myself to think that, as a matter of taste and beauty, no church tower is complete without a spire in some form[193], and it is a question whether, in every case, the tower was not at first built with a view to such an ornament. The termination with a flat or only embattled cornice does not harmonize well with pointed architecture; the spiral form seems to me the only appropriate termination; and, as you say, the symbolic teaching of this part of the building depends upon it. And yet, though it may almost seem a contradiction to what I have said, the spire always needs some object for the eye to rest upon at its summit. The time-honoured _weather-c.o.c.k_ which every body knows to be the emblem of _watchfulness_, seems by far the most convenient and suitable, though I am aware that other forms--such as a dragon, and a boat--are fixed to the summits of some spires."
"We do not generally succeed well," said Mr. Ambrose, "in our imitations of the Norman style of architecture. Its extreme ma.s.siveness, on which so much of its beauty depends, renders it very costly; and if this is abandoned, as it often is, for the sake of saving expense, and only the details of the style are copied, whilst the walls are thin and unsubstantial, the building has always a mean and cardboard appearance.
But where the style is faithfully carried out, it is a matter of surprise to me that the _round_ tower is not more often adopted. It harmonizes so well with the semi-circular arches and the apsidal termination of the chancel. We have, you know, many splendid examples of such towers[194]. It is true, indeed, that the architects may in some cases have adopted this form, in places where there was difficulty in obtaining the stone required for the corners of a square tower, as being the most convenient for a building composed of flint only; but that they did not always choose this form as a mere matter of convenience, and not for its own peculiar beauty, is evident from the fact that in the construction of some round towers not only flint, but also stone, is largely employed. The objection to these towers, founded on the supposition that they are not adapted for the use of bells, may, I think, be easily met by a little constructional arrangement of the interior of the belfry."
"The erection of towers _detached_ from the church has not, I am glad to say, gained much favour in this country[195]. They certainly lose much of their beauty when separated from the main building. The custom, however, greatly prevails in Italy. The appropriation of a portion of the tower as a priest"s chamber is, I believe, far more common with us than it is abroad[196]."
At this moment the bells of St. Catherine"s commenced a cheerful peal.
"After all," said the Vicar, "_that sound_ indicates the real purpose of the tower."
"True enough," answered Mr. Acres; "no doubt our towers were built to hold the _bells_[197]; and so, if the tower is good and sound, and the bells are there, we must not complain if the spire is wanting."
"Yes; but I wish the bells were under better control than they commonly are."
"Ah, so indeed do I. There"s no part of the church so much desecrated as the tower. Now, I grieve for this; for to my mind there"s no music so delightful as that of the church bells, provided there is nothing in the occasion of their being rung which grates upon one"s feelings. I often think of the story of a savage people who had never seen a church bell before, when for the first time they heard it ringing, they believed that it was _talking_ to them[198]. There is certainly no music that _speaks_ to us like that of the church bells. What call is there more eloquent than the chimes "going for church"? What voice more reproachful than theirs to one who disobeys their summons? What sound so solemn as the deep-toned knell? What so happy as the marriage peal? Ah, my dear friend, you and I know full well what joys and sorrows, what hopes and fears, the dear old church bells can tell of. How the old memories of half-forgotten home-scenes come back to us when we listen to their merry Christmas ringing! Nothing like them to fill the arm-chairs that have so long stood empty, to tenant the old places with the once familiar forms which have long gone from us! Nothing like them to bring back the dear old voices and the dear old faces; nothing like them to put back the old furniture in its old places again; nothing like them to revive the bright and happy hours that are past! Then, somehow, the bells always seem to adapt their voices to each particular season. What joyful hope there was in their music at Easter! a still gladder song they sing to-day. They seem to me to have their own peculiar utterance for Sunday and for saints" day, for fast and for festival. What a joyful song of thanksgiving they sang at our harvest festival last year! I shall never forget what the bells said to me on that day.
"You must forgive me, my dear Vicar, for intruding this long rhapsody into our conversation, my fondness for the music of church bells is so intense, that I fear you will consider the expression of my admiration to be quite childish. I don"t mean to say they always make me feel cheerful and happy. Oh, no, they don"t do that; but most commonly they induce a sort of pleasant melancholy--harmless, and even good in moderation, but morbid in excess. These simple lines exactly express what I often feel when the bells are ringing:--
"When twilight steals along the ground, And all the bells are ringing round, One, two, three, four, and five; I at my study window sit, And, wrapt in many a musing fit, To bliss am all alive.
"But though impressions calm and sweet Thrill round my heart a holy heat, And I am inly glad, A tear-drop stands in either eye, And yet, I cannot tell thee why, _I"m pleased, and yet I"m sad_[199]."
Ill.u.s.tration: Tower, Saragosa
"I know the feeling well," said Mr. Ambrose; "we love the _silent eloquence_ of each feature of the church"s fabric as we love the vivid expression of each feature of a dear friend, and we love--as we love his familiar voice--the well-known _uttered language_ of the old church tower."
"Yes; and not more discordant would be the merry voice of a friend, with a heart bowed down with sorrow, than seems to me a merry peal of the church bells, with the penitential seasons of the Christian year. I greatly admire your custom of only ringing three bells during Lent and Advent, and tolling a single bell on Good Friday. The contrast to the usual joyful chimes cannot fail to strike every one."
"I am most thankful that in our parish we have a set of bellringers who really feel a proper interest in the work, and regard theirs as a _religious_ office. I have only allowed men of well-known steady habits and good moral character to be among them. From the time I came here, as you know, I have been their president, and have always attended their annual dinners. Then their _rules_[200] are good. No drinking is allowed in the belfry, no one is allowed to wear his hat there, and no loud and boisterous language is permitted: any one using offensive words or swearing is at once expelled. In fact, I think we do all that can be done to teach the ringers that they are engaged in a religious duty, in a part of _G.o.d"s house_. I am fully sensible that much of our success is due to your influence among them, and I very much wish that more Church laymen in your position would follow your example, and take part in the _actual ringing_ of the church bells[201]. On one occasion, long ago, I had some difficulty with our ringers. You remember old Sir Perrygal Biber? a greater profligate or drunkard perhaps never lived. He had wit enough, however, to secure his election for the county, and money enough to reward those who voted for him. I am sorry to say that in many parishes the church bells, which had once been solemnly dedicated to G.o.d"s service, were impressed to do honour to that man, whose immorality was patent to the whole county. Our ringers naturally thought that what was not wrong elsewhere would not be wrong here, and so begged permission to follow the example of their neighbours. However, they were good fellows, and open to reason. I explained to them first that our church bells had nothing whatever to do with mere secular matters, such as the election of a member of Parliament; and then I showed them that their neighbours were specially wrong in this instance, because they were employing what was intended for G.o.d"s service in doing honour to an impious man. I believe they were all of them, at heart, glad to get out of it; and, in fact, would never have thought of ringing at all had not William Strike put it into their heads. Since then they have not caused me a moment"s trouble.
"The church bells have, alas! often been sadly ill-used; sometimes broken up and employed for secular purposes[202]; sometimes sold to pay the cost of repairing the building: but this, to my mind, is not half so bad as their desecration when rung on improper occasions."
"No doubt, Mr. Vicar, you have often read with interest the very quaint legends which are to be found on many church bells. I very much like the terse Latin sentences, and the oft-repeated "_Jesu, miserere mei_," we meet with on the oldest of them. Not a few, too, of the more modern bells have simple pious inscriptions[203]. But there are some, both ancient and modern, that have foolish or otherwise objectionable sentences upon them[204]. In some cases they are merely laudatory of the donor; in others of the founder, or of the churchwardens of the parish. I should think, however, that there is scarcely a peal of bells in the country, except, perhaps, a few very recently cast, but possesses some both interesting and instructive inscriptions. Of course, many volumes would be filled with them, could they be all collected. I once copied one of these legends which much pleased me, but I cannot now call to mind where I found it. Let me repeat it to you.
"Men"s death I tell by doleful knell, Lightning and thunder I break asunder, On Sabbath all to church I call, The sleepy head I raise from bed, The winds so fierce I do disperse, Men"s cruel rage I do a.s.suage.""