_CHAPTER VII_
THE PAVEMENT
"The place whereon thou standest is holy ground."
Exod. iii. 5.
"Mark you the floor? that square and speckled stone, Which looks so firm and strong, Is _Patience_;
"And the other black and grave, wherein each one Is checker"d all along, _Humility_;
"The gentle rising, which on either hand Leads to the quire above, Is _Confidence_;
"But the sweet cement, which in one sure band Ties the whole frame, is _Love_ And _Charity_."
GEORGE HERBERT.
Ill.u.s.tration: Church of SS. Philip and James, Oxford
THE PAVEMENT
Ill.u.s.tration: Bra.s.s of John Bloxham and John Whytton in Merton College, Oxford
"Why, my dear Constance," said Mr. Acres, as one morning he found the eldest of his three children sitting gloomy and solitary at the breakfast-room window, "you look as though all the cares of the nation were pressing upon you! Come, tell me a few of them; unless,"
added he, laughingly, "my little queen thinks there is danger to the State in communicating matters of such weighty import."
"Oh, don"t make fun of me, dear Papa! I have only one trouble just now, and you will think that a very little one; but you know you often say little troubles seem great to little people."
"Then we must have the bright little face back again at once, if, after all, it is only one small care that troubles it," said he, kissing her affectionately. "But now, my darling, let me know all about it."
"Well, Papa, I think it"s too bad of Mary to go up to the church again to-day to help Ernest to take more rubbing"s of those dull, stupid old bra.s.ses. I don"t care any thing about them, and I think it"s nonsense spending so much time over them as they do. I wish Mr. Ambrose would not let them go into the church any more, and then Mary would not leave me alone like this."
"That"s not a very kind wish, Constance, as they both seem so much interested in their work; but I dare say this is the last day they will give to it. Suppose we go this afternoon to look after them: we can then ask Ernest to bring home all the copies he has taken, and when Mr.
Ambrose comes in by-and-by, perhaps he will tell us something about them; and who knows but your unconsciously offending enemies may turn out to be neither dull nor stupid, after all?"
The proposal was gladly accepted, and at four o"clock they were enjoying their pleasant walk up to St. Catherine"s Church.
As they entered the church Mr. Acres heard, to his surprise, the clear ring of Mary"s happy laugh. She was standing in the south aisle, beside the paper on which she had been vainly attempting to copy a monumental bra.s.s. Seeing her father approach with a serious and somewhat reproving countenance, she at once guessed the cause, and antic.i.p.ated the reprimand he was about to utter. "You must not be angry with me, Papa,"
she said, in a very subdued tone, "for indeed I could not help laughing, though I know it is very wrong to laugh in church; but, you know, I had just finished my rubbing of the bra.s.s here, and thought I had done it so well, when all of a sudden the paper slipped, and the consequence was that my poor knight had two faces instead of one; and he looked so queer that I could not help laughing at him very much."
"No doubt, my dear child," said her father, "there was something in your misfortune to provoke a laugh, but I think you must have forgotten for a moment the sacredness of this place, when you gave vent to the merry shout I heard just now. You should always remember that in G.o.d"s house you are standing on _holy ground_, and though it may be permissible for us to go there for the purpose of copying those works of art, which in their richest beauty are rightly dedicated to G.o.d and His service, and these curious monuments which you and Ernest have been tracing, yet we should ever bear with us a deep sense of the sanct.i.ty of the building as the "place where His honour dwelleth," and avoid whatever may give occasion to levity; or should the feeling force itself upon us, we ought, by a strong effort, to resist it."
Although the words were spoken in a kind and gentle voice, many tears had already fallen upon Mary"s spoilt tracing, so her father said no more on the subject; but, taking her hand, led her quietly away to a chapel at the north-east corner of the church, round which was placed a beautifully carved open screen. It was the burial-place of the family that formerly tenanted the Hall, and there were many bra.s.s figures and inscriptions laid in the floor to their memory. Here, attentively watched by old Matthew the s.e.xton, Ernest was busily engaged tracing the figure of a knight in armour, represented as standing under a handsome canopy. He had already completed his copy of the canopy, and of the inscription round the stone, and was now engaged at the figure. Two sheets of paper were spread over the stone, and he had guarded against Mary"s accident by placing on the paper several large kneeling ha.s.socks, which were used by the old people. He was himself half reclining on a long cushion laid on the pavement, and having before marked out with his finger on the paper the outlines of the bra.s.s underneath it, was now rubbing away vigorously with his heel-ball[40], and at every stroke a little bit more of the knight came out upon the paper, till, like a large black drawing, the complete figure appeared before them. They had all watched Ernest"s labours with the greatest interest, and, this being the last, they a.s.sisted in rolling up the papers, that they might be taken home for more careful examination in the evening.
"I wish Master Ernest could take a picture of good old Sir John, as we call him, Mr. Acres," said Matthew; "I mean him as lies in the chancel, right in front of the altar; but he"s cut out in the flat stone, and not in the metal, so I suppose Master Ernest can"t do it. I remember the time, sir, when people as were sick and diseased used to come for miles round to lie upon that stone, and they believed it made them much better[41]; and if they believed it, I dare say it did, sir. And "tisn"t but a very few years back when it would have been thought very unlucky indeed if a corpse had not rested over good Sir John all night before its burial. We still place the coffins just in the same place at the funerals, but of course n.o.body any longer believes that good Sir John can do good or ill to those inside them."
"I must bring some stronger paper than that I use for the bra.s.ses, to copy the stone figure, Matthew," said Ernest; "so that must be done another day."
All said good-bye to the old s.e.xton, and as he wended his way up the narrow stone stairs to his little chamber, Mr. Acres and his family returned to Oakfield Hall.
The dining-room was soon decorated with the trophies of Ernest"s four days" labour, and other rubbing"s which he had before taken; and when Mr. Ambrose arrived he was met by several eager pet.i.tioners, praying him to give some explanation of the strange-looking black and white figures that hung upon the walls.
"It would take me a whole day to tell you all that might be said about them," said he; "but I shall be very glad to give you a short description of each, and I will follow the course which Ernest has evidently intended me to adopt, for I see he has arranged all the bishops and priests together, and the knights, the civilians, and the ladies, each cla.s.s by itself. But first I must tell you something of the general history of these bra.s.s memorials. There are an immense number of them in this country--it is supposed about 4000--and they are chiefly to be found in Norfolk, Suffolk, Ess.e.x, and Kent; but indeed there are comparatively few old churches in England in which you cannot find upon the pavement some traces of these interesting memorials. Though, however, so many remain, probably not less than 20,000 have been either stolen or lost. You will see on the pavement at St. Catherine"s, marks of the force which has been used in tearing many from the stones in which they had been firmly fixed."
"But who could have been so fearless and wicked as to take them away?"
exclaimed Constance, who already had begun to feel a real interest in the subject.
"Alas! Constance, that question is easily answered. There was indeed a time, long ago, when people would not have _dared_ to commit these acts of sacrilege. You know among the ancient Romans there was a belief that the manes or spirits of the departed protected their tombs, and so persons were afraid to rob them; but people since then have been deterred by no such fear, indeed by no fear at all. Within the period between 1536 and 1540 somewhere about 900 religious houses were destroyed, and their chapels were dismantled and robbed of their tombs, on which were a great number of bra.s.ses. And this spirit of sacrilege extended beyond the monasteries, for at this time, and afterwards, very many of our parish churches were also despoiled of their monumental bra.s.ses; indeed the evil spread so much that Queen Elizabeth issued a special proclamation for putting a stop to it. The greatest destruction of bra.s.ses, however, took place a hundred years after this, when thousands were removed from the cathedrals and churches to satisfy the rapacity or the fanaticism of the Puritan Dissenters, who were then in power[42]. In later times, I am sorry to say, large numbers have been sold by churchwardens, for the just value of the metal, and many have been removed during the restoration of churches and have not been restored; of course, those whose special duty it was to protect them have been greatly to blame for this. Then not a few have become loose, and been lost through mere carelessness. Some of the most beautiful bra.s.ses in our church I discovered a few years since under a heap of rubbish in the wood-house of Daniels, the former s.e.xton[43]. So you see it is no wonder we find so many of those curiously-indented slabs in the pavement of our churches, which mark the places where bra.s.ses have formerly been.
A few of these memorials are to be found in Wales, Ireland, and Scotland. Some also exist in France, Germany, Russia, Prussia, Poland, Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, and Sweden. In these countries, however, they have never been numerous.
But now I must say a few words about their origin. The oldest memorials of the dead to be found in our churches are the stone coffin-lids, with plain or floriated crosses carved upon them. The stone coffins were buried just below the level of the pavement, so their lids were even with the floor of the church. Afterwards, similar crosses were graven on slabs of stone above the coffin; then the faces of the deceased were represented; and at length whole figures, and many other devices, were carved on the stone, and around the stone was sometimes an inscription consisting of letters of _bra.s.s_ separately inlaid. Then the figures and inscriptions were either altogether made of bra.s.s, or were partly graven in stone and partly in bra.s.s; specimens of both, I see, Ernest has provided for us. The earliest of these incised slabs are probably of the ninth century, but the faces of the deceased were not carved on them till about 1050. The earliest bra.s.s of which we have any account is that of Simon de Beauchamp, 1208; and the most ancient bra.s.s figure now remaining is that of Sir John Daubernoun, 1277.
"The form of the bra.s.s has evidently been often suggested by the stone and marble effigies we see on altar-tombs. For we find that not only the costume and position of the figures are closely copied, but also the canopies above them, the cushions or helmets on which their heads rest, and the lions, dogs, or other animals on which the feet are placed. I have something more to say on the subject generally, before I come to speak particularly about Ernest"s copies; so after the general interval of ten minutes I will resume the subject.
_CHAPTER VIII_
THE PAVEMENT
"They bowed themselves with their faces to the ground upon the pavement, and worshipped, and praised the Lord, saying, For He is good, for His mercy endureth for ever."
2 Chron. vii. 3.
"This is the abode where G.o.d doth dwell, This is the gate of Heaven, The shrine of the Invisible, The Priest, the Victim given.
"O holy seat, O holy fane, Where dwells the Omnipotent!
Whom the broad world cannot contain, Nor Heaven"s high firmament.
"Here, where the unearthly Guest descends To hearts of Innocence, And sacred love her wing extends Of holiest influence;
"Let no unhallow"d thought be here, Within that sacred door; Let nought polluted dare draw near, Nor tread the awful floor; Or, lo! the Avenger is at hand, And at the door doth stand."
_The Child"s Christian Year._
Ill.u.s.tration: Heywood Church