THE PAVEMENT
Ill.u.s.tration: Bra.s.s of Henry Sever, at Merton College, Oxford
As soon as the short pause was over, all ears were open to learn something more on a subject which had been hitherto entirely without interest to most of the Vicar"s little audience.
"We find sometimes upon the pavement of our churches," said Mr. Ambrose, "memorials just like those I have spoken to you about, except that they are made of _iron_ or _lead_ instead of bra.s.s, but they are comparatively very rare, and, except in the metal of which they are composed, differ nothing from the _bra.s.ses_.
"Sepulchral bra.s.ses must have been a great ornament to our churches before they were despoiled of their beauty by the hand of Time, and the still less sparing hand of man. The vivid colours of the enamel with which they were inlaid, and the silvery brightness of the yet untarnished lead which was employed to represent the ermine and other parts of official costume, must have added greatly to the splendour of these monuments. At first they were no doubt very costly, for there appear to have been but few places where they were made in this country, and, in addition to the cost of the bra.s.ses themselves, the expense of their carriage in those times must have been considerable. A great many of these monuments, however, are of foreign manufacture, and were chiefly imported from Flanders. It is easy to distinguish between the English and the Flemish bra.s.ses, for whereas the former are composed of separate pieces of metal laid in different parts of the stone, and giving the distinct outline of the figure, canopy, inscription, &c., the latter are composed of several plates of bra.s.s placed closely together and engraved all over with figures, canopies, and other designs. The later English bra.s.ses are, however, very similar to the Flemish. You see that little copy of a bra.s.s about three feet long by one foot deep which Ernest has somehow obtained from the church at Walton-on-Thames? Now that is a square piece of metal just like those they made in Flanders, but it was evidently engraved in England. It is dated 1587, and is in memory of John Selwyn, keeper of Queen Elizabeth"s park at Oatlands, near Walton. It represents, as you see, a stag hunt, and is said to refer to this incident:--"The old keeper, in the heat of the chase, suddenly leaped from his horse upon the back of the stag (both running at that time with their utmost speed), and not only kept his seat gracefully, in spite of every effort of the affrighted beast, but, drawing his sword, with it guided him to wards the Queen, and coming near her presence, plunged it in his throat, so that the animal fell dead at her feet[44].""
"But, my friend," said Mr. Acres, "it seems to me that the record of such an event, even if it ever happened--which I must take the liberty to doubt--is quite as objectionable as any of those epitaphs in our churchyard which you once so strongly and justly condemned."
"I quite agree with you. But this was made at a time when sepulchral monuments were frequently of a very debased character. At this period the bra.s.ses underwent a great change. They began to rise from their humble position on the pavement, and the figures were occasionally made without their devotional posture, which up to this date had been almost universal. They were then placed on the church walls, on tablets, or on the top and at the back of altar-tombs, and this led the way for the erection of a large number of monuments in stone of similar design, but more c.u.mbrous and inconvenient. Inferior workmen also were evidently employed at this time to engrave the bra.s.ses, and they became more and more debased, till they reached the lowest point of all, a hundred years ago, and soon after their manufacture altogether ceased. It was near the time when this bra.s.s was put up to the old park-keeper, that that ugly monument in memory of Sir John York, with its four heathen obelisks, and its four disconsolate Cupids, was put up in our chancel, covering so much of the floor as to deprive at least twenty persons of their right to a place in G.o.d"s House. About this time, too, that uncomfortable looking effigy of Lady Lancaster was put upon its ma.s.sive altar-tomb. To judge from the position of her Ladyship, and hundreds of other similar monuments, represented as reclining and resting the face upon the hand, we might imagine that a large proportion of the population in those days died of the toothache. However, the att.i.tude of prayer was that most commonly adopted, as well in stone as bra.s.s effigies, till long after this period.
"If any thing more than the figure, canopy, inscription, and shield is represented on a bra.s.s, it is commonly a sacred symbol, a trade mark, or some badge of rank or profession. To this there are but a few exceptions, besides the bra.s.s of John Selwyn. At Lynn, in Norfolk, on one bra.s.s is a hunting scene, on another a harvest-home, such as it was in the year 1349, and on another a peac.o.c.k feast, the date of which is 1364. Founders of churches frequently hold in their hands the model of a church. The emblem of undying love we find in the heart, either alone or held by both hands of the effigy. A long epitaph was often avoided by the simple representation of a chalice, a sword, an ink-horn, a wool-sack, a barrel, shears, or some such trade or professional emblem.
Some--comparatively few--of the inscriptions on bra.s.ses are, however, profusely long, and sometimes, but very rarely, ridiculous.
In very early times the epitaphs were always written in Latin or Norman French; and if that practice had continued, it would not much matter to persons generally even if they were absurd, as few could read them: but about the year 1400 they began to be written in English, and then of course these foolish inscriptions must have been distracting to the thoughts of those who attended the church. But it very often happened that persons had their bra.s.ses put down some time before their decease, as is evident from the circ.u.mstance that in many cases the dates have never been filled in. This custom would much tend to prevent foolish and flattering inscriptions.
"I have noticed that there is in nearly all bra.s.ses a solemn or serious expression in the countenance suitable to their presence in G.o.d"s House.
They were frequently _portraits_ of the persons commemorated[45]. This was no doubt the case in later bra.s.ses, and I think in the earlier also.
Latterly the faces were sometimes coloured, no doubt to represent the originals more exactly. It seldom happens that the age of the person is otherwise than pretty faithfully portrayed.
"I must next tell you something of the dresses of the clergy, the soldiers, and the civilians, as we see them engraved upon the pavements of our churches."
_CHAPTER IX_
THE PAVEMENT
"It was a cave, and a stone lay upon it."
John xi. 38.
"On the floor beneath Sepulchral stones appear"d, with emblems graven And footworn epitaphs, and some with small And shining effigies of bra.s.s inlaid."
Wordsworth"s _Excursion_.
"The warrior from his armed tent, The seaman from the tide-- Far as the Sabbath chimes are sent, In Christian nations wide,-- Thousands and tens of thousands bring Their sorrows to His shrine, And taste the never-failing spring Of Jesus" love Divine.
"If at the earthly chime, the tread Of million million feet Approach whene"er the Gospel"s read In G.o.d"s own temple-seat; How blest the sight, from death"s dark sleep To see G.o.d"s saints arise, And countless hosts of angels keep The Sabbath of the skies!"
_Lyra Sacra._
Ill.u.s.tration: Chancel of Whippingham Church
THE PAVEMENT
Ill.u.s.tration: Bra.s.s of Sir Roger de Trumpington
"That costumes are pretty accurately represented on bra.s.ses," continued Mr. Ambrose, "we are sure, from the fact that many different artists have made the dresses of each particular period so much alike; and this circ.u.mstance adds much interest and importance to these monuments. I will now describe some of these dresses, and you must try to find out, as I go on, the several parts of the dress I am describing on Ernest"s rubbing"s which hang upon the wall. But I shall only be able to say a little about each. First there come the persons holding sacred office in the Church. The priests are usually, you see, dressed in the robes worn at Holy Communion, and they commonly hold the chalice and wafer in their hands. The robe which is most conspicuous is the _chasuble_. It is usually richly embroidered in gold and silk. This robe is one of the ornaments of the minister referred to in the rubric at the commencement of the Prayer Book. At the top of it you see the _amice_. This too is worked in various colours and patterns. The academic _hood_, some suppose, now represents this part of the priest"s dress. You must remember we are looking at the dresses worn five hundred years ago, and which had been in use long before that time, and we cannot be surprised if some of them, as now worn, are a little changed in shape and appearance. The narrow band which hangs from the shoulders nearly to the feet, embroidered at the ends, is called the _stole_.
This, you know, is still worn by us just as it was then. It is one of the most ancient vestments of the Church, and is intended to represent the _yoke of Christ_. The small embroidered strip hanging on the left arm is the _maniple_. It is used for cleaning the sacred vessels.
Beneath the chasuble is the _albe_, a white robe which--changed somewhat in form--we still wear. It is derived from the linen ephod of the Jews.
Sometimes on bra.s.ses, as on that beautiful one to the memory of Henry Sever[46], the _cope_ is represented. This is a very rich and costly robe, and is still always worn at the coronations of our Kings and Queens; it is also ordered to be worn on other occasions. Then the bishops wore, you see, other robes besides those I have mentioned:--the _mitre_, like the albe, handed down from the time of the Jews to our own period; the _tunic_, a close-fitting linen vestment; the _dalmatic_, so called because it was once the regal dress of Dalmatia; the gloves, often jewelled. They hold the _crozier_, or _cross staff_, or else the _crooked_, or _pastoral staff_, in their hand. As bishops and priests were then, as now, very often buried in their ecclesiastical vestments, the bra.s.s probably in such cases represented, as near as could be, the robed body of the person beneath. The earliest bra.s.ses of ecclesiastics are at Oulton, Suffolk, and Merton College, Oxford. The date of both is about 1310.
"We must next come to the monumental bra.s.ses of _knights_ and warriors; and that curious bra.s.s to Sir Peter Legh, which is taken from Winwick Church, will do well for a connecting link between the clergy and the warriors. He is, you see, in armour, but over the upper part of it is a chasuble, on the front of which is his shield of arms. And this tells his history. He was formerly a soldier, but at the decease of his wife he relinquished his former occupation, and became a priest of the Church. You see before you soldiers in all kinds of armour, and you can easily trace the gradual change from the _chain mail_ to the _plated armour_, till you find the former almost entirely abandoned, and the latter adopted, in the early part of the fifteenth century. Now I should soon tire you if I were to describe all the curious sorts of armour these soldiers wear, so I must just take one of them, and that will go far to wards explaining others. There hangs Sir Roger de Trumpington[47], of Trumpington, Cambridgeshire; his date is 1289. You see he is cross-legged, and so you would put him down for a Knight Templar, and a warrior in the Holy Land. And so he was; but nevertheless you must remember all cross-legged figures are not necessarily Knights Templar. He rests his head upon a _bascinet_ (A), or helmet. His head and neck are protected by chain mail (B), to which is attached his _hauberk_ (D), or shirt of mail. On his shoulders are placed _ailettes_ (C), or little wings, and these are ornamented with the same arms as those borne on his shield. They were worn both for defence and ornament, as soldiers" epaulettes are now. The defence for the knees (G) was made of leather, and sometimes much ornamented. At a later time it was made of plated metal. The legs and feet are covered with chain mail, called the _chausse_ (F), and he wears _goads_, or "pryck spurs," on his heels (H). Over the hauberk he has a _surcoat_ (E) probably of wool or linen.
Here you see it is quite plain; but it is frequently decorated with heraldic devices; and such devices on the surcoat or armour are often the only clue left to the name and history of the wearer.
"On the bra.s.ses of _civilians_ we find nothing like the present ungraceful and unsightly mode of dress; indeed we can scarcely imagine any thing more ridiculous than the representation of the modern fashionable dress on a monumental bra.s.s. But on these memorials, you see, the robes are, with rare exceptions, flowing and graceful. In the sixteenth century there was but slight difference between the male and female attire of persons in private life. Of course the dresses of professional men have always been characteristic. Civilians were, with hardly an exception, always represented on bra.s.ses _bare-headed_.
Happily for the good people in those times they did not know the hideous and inconvenient _hat_ which continues to torture those who live in towns, but from which we in the country have presumed to free ourselves.
"The dresses _actually worn_ by the deceased are probably sometimes represented on the bra.s.ses of _ladies_. You have before you every variety of costume, from the simple robe of the time of Edward II. and III., down to the extravagant dresses of Elizabeth"s reign. On the early bra.s.ses the _wimple_ under the chin marked the rank of the wearer. Till about the year 1550 ladies are not infrequently represented with heraldic devices covering their kirtles and mantles; but I should think such ornamentation was never really worn by them. The different fashions of wearing the hair here represented are most fantastic. St. Paul tells us that "if a woman have long hair, it is a glory to her;" but these English matrons too often forgot that _simplicity_ which gives to this beauty of nature its chief charm. See, here is the _b.u.t.terfly head-dress_, of the fifteenth century, extending two feet at the back of the head; and there is the _horn head-dress_, spreading a foot on either side of the head. The fashions among women then appear to have been as grotesque as they have been in our own day.
"_Children_ on these tombs are represented either behind or beneath their parents; sometimes they wear the _tabard_, a short coat, with heraldic figures upon it--as on this bra.s.s to John Ansty; you see there are twelve sons below the father, and four daughters below the mother--sometimes they wear a dress which marks their occupation; and in a few instances the name of each child is placed below it. _Skeletons_ and emaciated figures, sometimes in shrouds, were represented on bra.s.ses after the fifteenth century. _Crosses_, with or without figures of the deceased, are very frequently to be met with, and their form is often exceedingly elegant[48]. You will not fail to notice the _canopies_ of many of these bra.s.ses; the beauty of some of these designs it would be impossible to surpa.s.s. But I fear you must be tired of my long lecture, so I must hasten to bring it to a close. These memorials I like better than any others for churches; for, first, they are by far the most _durable_ of all; then they are the most _convenient_, for they take up little s.p.a.ce, and are a great ornament to the _pavement of the church_; moreover they teach their own _moral_, they occupy a _lowly_ place in G.o.d"s House, and are all on one _common level_. I am, therefore, very glad to see them introduced again into many of our cathedrals and parish churches. And, my dear Constance, I must end with a word to you. I fancy by this time you have learnt that _monumental bra.s.ses_ are not dull and stupid. To the student of antiquity, history, genealogy, heraldry, and architecture, these _pavement monuments_ are, I a.s.sure you, of the greatest interest and value. They help to fix dates to ancient doc.u.ments, to ill.u.s.trate various periods of ecclesiastical architecture, and throw much light on the manners and customs of other times. They are, too, a constant protest against that excess in "wearing of gold and putting on of apparel," against which St. Paul wrote, and which is one of the great sins of our day; for though we find elaborate and costly robes represented on the bra.s.ses of the great and the wealthy, you always see the figures of the humbler cla.s.ses clothed in neat and simple attire. If people would only follow the good advice of old Polonius to his son,
"Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy, But not express"d in fancy[49],"
there would be less sin, and less want, and less misery in the world."
_CHAPTER X_
THE PAVEMENT
"Behold, I will lay thy stones with fair colours."
Isa. liv. 11.
"How all things glow with life and thought, Where"er our faithful fathers trod!
The very ground with speech is fraught, The air is eloquent of G.o.d.
In vain would doubt or mockery hide The buried echoes of the past; A voice of strength--a voice of pride-- Here dwells amid the stones and blast!