In Var. _hirtum_ the plant is turbinate, subsessile, and hairy, with slender, spinous warts. The variety _papulatum_ is subrotund, sessile, papillose and pulverulent, the warts being nearly uniform in size.
Plants from one to two inches in height.
FIGS. 4 and 5.--=Lycoperdon pyriforme= Schaeffer. "_Pear-Shaped Puff-Ball_."
Plant dingy white or brownish yellow; pear-shaped, or obovate pyriforme, sometimes approaching L. gemmatum in size and shape, but easily distinguished from that species by the surface features of the peridium and the internal hyphae. The persistent warts which cover the surface of the peridium are so minute as to appear to the naked eye like scales. In some instances the peridium is almost smooth, and sometimes cracks in areas, inner peridium thin and tough. The hyphae are thicker than the spores and branched, continuous with the slightly cellular base, and forming a columella inside the peridium. Spores greenish-yellow, then brownish-olive, smooth and globose.
The short stem-like base of the plant terminates in fiber-like rootlets, creeping under the soil and branching, thus attaching large cl.u.s.ters of the young plants together. They are often found in quant.i.ty on the mossy trunks of fallen trees.
FIG. 6.--=Lycoperdon giganteum= Batsch. "_Giant Puff-Ball_."
The Giant Puff-Ball, so generally neglected, is one of the most valuable of the edible mushrooms. It is readily distinguished from other puff-b.a.l.l.s and allied fungi by its large size. It is subglobose in form, often flattened at the top and usually wider than deep. The peridium or rind is membranaceous, smooth, or very slightly floccose, and creamy white at first, turning to pale yellowish-brown when the plant is old.
When young it is filled with a white, seemingly h.o.m.ogeneous fleshy substance of pleasant flavor. This substance changes, when mature, to an elastic, yellowish or olivaceous brown, cottony but dusty ma.s.s of filaments and spores. The peridium is very fragile above, cracking into areae in the mature plant and breaking up and falling away in fragments, thus allowing the dispersion of the spores. The capillitium and spores are at first greenish-yellow, turning to dingy olive. The plants vary in size, but average from ten to twenty inches in diameter. In the columns of the _Country Gentleman_ some years ago there appeared a description of a puff-ball of this species which weighed forty seven pounds and measured a little over eight feet in circ.u.mference. It was found in a low, moist corner of a public park. Specimens weighing from twenty to thirty pounds are recorded as being found in different parts of the country; but specimens of such large dimensions are unusual. This species is found in many parts of the United States. It is the L.
_bovista_ of Linn. Sacc.
A correspondent writes that he has found the giant puff-ball in great abundance growing on the Genessee Flats, Livingstone Co., New York.
Another writes from Nebraska that it is quite abundant on the prairies there in summer. A third writes from Missouri, "Since the late rains we have had puff-b.a.l.l.s in abundance, and find them delicious made into fritters."
The puff-b.a.l.l.s should be gathered young. If the substance within is white and pulpy, it is in good condition for cooking, but if marked with yellow stains it should be rejected.
Vittadini says:
"When the giant puff-ball is conveniently situated you should only take one slice at a time, cutting it horizontally and using great care not to disturb its growth, to prevent decay, and thus one may have a fritter every day for a week."
Different authors write with enthusiasm of the merits of the giant puff-ball as an esculent.
Mrs. Hussey, an English botanist, gives the following receipt for "puff-ball omelet:"
First, remove the outer skin; cut in slices half an inch thick; have ready some chopped herbs, pepper, and salt; dip the slices in the yolk of an egg, and sprinkle the herbs upon them; fry in fresh b.u.t.ter, and eat immediately.
I have tested fine specimens of the giant puff-ball gathered in the public parks of Washington, D. C., finding it delicious eating when fried in batter.
FIGS. 7 and 8.--=Lycoperdon cyathiforme= Bose. "_Cup-shaped Puff-Ball_."
Synonyms--L. fragile Vitt. L. albopurpureum Frost.
Plant nearly globose, with a short, thick, stem-like base, color varying, cinereous, brown, tinged with violet.
Rind or peridium smooth, or minutely floccose, scaly in the mature plant, cracking into somewhat angular areas, the upper portion finally falling away in fragments, leaving a wide cup-shaped base, with irregular margin, which remains long after the dispersion of the spores and capillitium. This basal portion is often tinged with the purplish hue of the spores. Spores rough, purplish-brown. Capillitium same color as the spores.
Lycoperdon _cyathiforme_ is a more common species than L. _giganteum_, and is deemed quite equal to the latter in flavor. The plants are of good size, being from 4 to 10 inches in diameter.
They are frequently found in open fields and gra.s.sy places after electric storms. When sliced and fried in egg batter, they taste much like the _giganteum_ or _giant puff-ball_.
A puff-ball which is not inferior to either of the two last-named species, though not as large, and perhaps not as abundant as either, is the Lycoperdon _saccatum_ of Fries, sometimes called the "Long-stemmed puff-ball," because of its elongated stem.
The plants of this species are attractive in appearance, usually hemispherical, or lentiform in shape, with cylindrical stem-like base.
The peridium is thin and delicate, breaking into fragments; creamy white in the young stage, and clothed with delicate warts, so minute as to give the surface a soft mealy appearance, the under surface somewhat plicate. Capillitium sub-persistent and dense. Both spores and capillitium brown.
LYCOPERDACEae.
_Genus Bovista_ Dill. Peridium papery (or sometimes corky), persistent; the outer rind, sometimes called the bark, quite distinct from the inner, at length sh.e.l.ling off. Capillitium sub-compact, equal, adnate to the peridium on all sides; spores pedicillate, brownish.
FIGS. 9 and 10.--=Bovista plumbea= Pers. _Lead-Colored Bovista_.
Plant small, spherical, having a double sh.e.l.l or peridium, the inner one white and the outer one smooth and greyish lead-color or bluish-grey, and sh.e.l.ling off at maturity. When young the interior is filled with a creamy white substance. This soon begins to disintegrate, and, as the spores mature, changes to a ma.s.s of dusty brown spores and threads. When the spores are ready for dissemination a small aperture appears in the top of the peridium, through which they push their way outwards like a little puff of smoke.
When young, and while the flesh is white throughout, the plant is edible, although so small that it would take a quant.i.ty to make a good dish. It is found chiefly in pastures in the autumn. Sometimes found growing in company with Agaricus campestris. Of pleasant flavor when young.
Fig. 11. Basidium and spores of a Lycoperdon highly magnified.
An English author states that inflammation of the throat and swelling of the tongue have been known to ensue from eating some of the small species of Lycoperdon in the raw state. It would be a wise precaution, therefore, to cook all of the smaller species well before eating.
The genus Scleroderma is allied to Lycoperdon, but differs from it in the absence of a capillitium, and in the thick indehiscent outer skin, or peridium, which bursts irregularly on the maturity of the spore-ma.s.s, the flocci adhering on all sides to the peridium and forming distinct veins in the central ma.s.s.
The species Scleroderma _vulgare_ is very common in woods, and has sometimes been mistaken for a form of Truffle. The plants are not very attractive, and the odor is rank. They are subsessile and irregular in shape, with a hard outer skin, the larger form of a yellowish or greenish brown hue, and covered with large warts or scales, the smaller very minutely warty, and of a darker brown hue. The internal ma.s.s is of a bluish-black hue, threaded through with white or greyish flocci.
Spores dingy. The interior becomes pulverulent when the plant matures.
This species has been eaten in its young state when cooked, but the flavor is by no means equal to that of the large puff-b.a.l.l.s. It is sometimes attacked by a fungus larger than itself, called Boletus _parasiticus_, and this parasite is again attacked by a species of Hypomyces, one of the genera of the Pyrenomycetes, which grows in patches upon dead fungi.
PHALLOIDEae OR PHALLACEae.
The Phalloideae, sometimes called the "Stink-horn" fungi on account of their foetid odor, are not numerous, the whole number of described species being about eighty. The plants are watery, quick in growth, and decay very rapidly. They are varied in form and are quite unlike the ordinary mushroom types. In some of the genera the plants are columnar and phalloid, in other clathrate or latticed, in others again the disk is stellate, and in one genus it is coralloid, but they are all enclosed, in the early stage, in a volva which is at first hidden or partially hidden beneath the surface of the ground. A gelatinous stratum is contained within the firmer outside membrane.
_Genus Ithyphallus_. In this genus the cap is perforated at the top, free from the stem and reticulate. No veil. The mature plants are columnar in form with the remains of the volva enclosing the column-like stem at the base; the cap in its deeply pitted reticulations somewhat resembling that of the _Morel_, although of different texture.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate H.
Gasteromycetes.
Phalloideae.
Figs. 1 to 6, Ithyphallus impudicus, Linn. "Foetid Mushroom."
Fig. 7, Clathrus cancellatus, Fr. "Latticed Mushroom."
Unwholesome.]
PLATE H.
FIGS. 1 to 6.--=Ithyphallus= _impudicus_ Linn. "_Foetid Wood Witch_."
In the embryonic stage the plant is enclosed in a volva which is composed of three layers, the outer one firm, the intermediate one gelatinous, and the inner one consisting of a thin membrane. The gleba, or spore-bearing portion, in the early stage forms a conical honeycombed cap within the inner sh.e.l.l or membrane, concealing the stem to which it is attached. The stem at this stage is very short, cylindrical, and composed of small cells filled with a gelatinous substance. The volva is about the size of a hen"s egg. On maturity it ruptures at the apex. The stem rapidly expands and, elongating, elevates the cap into the air. The stem becomes open and spongy, owing to the drying of the gelatinous matter and its quick expansion.
The whole plant attains a height of from four to ten inches in a few hours. The hymenial surface is on the outside of the cap, the spores being embedded in its glutinous coated ridges and depressions. The hymenium is at first firm but rapidly deliquesces, holding the spores in the liquid ma.s.s. The cap is greenish or greenish-gray in color, changing to a dark bottle-green. In its deliquescent state the odor is very repulsive. While enclosed in the volva the unpleasant odor is not so perceptible, and it has been eaten in that condition without unpleasant effects, but in its mature stage it is considered unwholesome, and certainly its offensive odor would be quite sufficient to deter most persons from attempting to test its edible qualities. Flies, however, are very fond of the fluid, and consume it greedily and with impunity.
It is found in gardens and woods, its presence being detected several rods away by the offensive odor. Specimens occur in which the color of the cap is white or reddish.
In the allied genus _Mutinus_ the pileus is adnate and is not perforated at the apex. Mutinus _caninus_ resembles _impudicus_ in form, but the cap is continuous with, not free from the stem, and is crimson in color, covered with a greenish-brown, odorless mucus. The stem is hollow, whitish, tinted with a pale yellow or orange color. Not common.
_Genus Clathrus_ Mich. In this genus the receptacle is sessile, and formed of an obovate globular net-work. At first wholly enclosed in a volva which becomes torn at the apex and falls away, leaving a calyx-like base at its point of contact with the stem.
FIG. 7.--=Clathrus cancellatus= Tourn.
UNWHOLESOME.