Obj. 3: Further, the greater evil is not punished by a lesser evil.
But pride is sometimes punished by other sins according to Rom. 1:28, where it is stated that on account of their pride of heart, men of science were delivered "to a reprobate sense, to do those things which are not convenient." Therefore pride is not the most grievous of sins.
_On the contrary,_ A gloss on Ps. 118:51, "The proud did iniquitously," says: "The greatest sin in man is pride."
_I answer that,_ Two things are to be observed in sin, conversion to a mutable good, and this is the material part of sin; and aversion from the immutable good, and this gives sin its formal aspect and complement. Now on the part of the conversion, there is no reason for pride being the greatest of sins, because uplifting which pride covets inordinately, is not essentially most incompatible with the good of virtue. But on the part of the aversion, pride has extreme gravity, because in other sins man turns away from G.o.d, either through ignorance or through weakness, or through desire for any other good whatever; whereas pride denotes aversion from G.o.d simply through being unwilling to be subject to G.o.d and His rule. Hence Boethius [*Cf. Ca.s.sian, de Caen.o.b. Inst. xii, 7] says that "while all vices flee from G.o.d, pride alone withstands G.o.d"; for which reason it is specially stated (James 4:6) that "G.o.d resisteth the proud."
Wherefore aversion from G.o.d and His commandments, which is a consequence as it were in other sins, belongs to pride by its very nature, for its act is the contempt of G.o.d. And since that which belongs to a thing by its nature is always of greater weight than that which belongs to it through something else, it follows that pride is the most grievous of sins by its genus, because it exceeds in aversion which is the formal complement of sin.
Reply Obj. 1: A sin is difficult to avoid in two ways. First, on account of the violence of its onslaught; thus anger is violent in its onslaught on account of its impetuosity; and "still more difficult is it to resist concupiscence, on account of its connaturality," as stated in _Ethic._ ii, 3, 9. A difficulty of this kind in avoiding sin diminishes the gravity of the sin; because a man sins the more grievously, according as he yields to a less impetuous temptation, as Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xiv, 12, 15).
Secondly, it is difficult to avoid a sin, on account of its being hidden. In this way it is difficult to avoid pride, since it takes occasion even from good deeds, as stated (A. 5, ad 3). Hence Augustine says pointedly that it "lies in wait for good deeds"; and it is written (Ps. 141:4): "In the way wherein I walked, the proud [*Cf. Ps. 139:6, "The proud have hidden a net for me."] [Vulg.: "they"] have hidden a snare for me." Hence no very great gravity attaches to the movement of pride while creeping in secretly, and before it is discovered by the judgment of reason: but once discovered by reason, it is easily avoided, both by considering one"s own infirmity, according to Ecclus. 10:9, "Why is earth and ashes proud?" and by considering G.o.d"s greatness, according to Job 15:13, "Why doth thy spirit swell against G.o.d?" as well as by considering the imperfection of the goods on which man prides himself, according to Isa. 40:6, "All flesh is gra.s.s, and all the glory thereof as the flower of the field"; and farther on (Isa. 64:6), "all our justices"
are become "like the rag of a menstruous woman."
Reply Obj. 2: Opposition between a vice and a virtue is inferred from the object, which is considered on the part of conversion. In this way pride has no claim to be the greatest of sins, as neither has humility to be the greatest of virtues. But it is the greatest on the part of aversion, since it brings greatness upon other sins. For unbelief, by the very fact of its arising out of proud contempt, is rendered more grievous than if it be the outcome of ignorance or weakness. The same applies to despair and the like.
Reply Obj. 3: Just as in syllogisms that lead to an impossible conclusion one is sometimes convinced by being faced with a more evident absurdity, so too, in order to overcome their pride, G.o.d punishes certain men by allowing them to fall into sins of the flesh, which though they be less grievous are more evidently shameful. Hence Isidore says (De Summo Bono ii, 38) that "pride is the worst of all vices; whether because it is appropriate to those who are of highest and foremost rank, or because it originates from just and virtuous deeds, so that its guilt is less perceptible. On the other hand, carnal l.u.s.t is apparent to all, because from the outset it is of a shameful nature: and yet, under G.o.d"s dispensation, it is less grievous than pride. For he who is in the clutches of pride and feels it not, falls into the l.u.s.ts of the flesh, that being thus humbled he may rise from his abas.e.m.e.nt."
From this indeed the gravity of pride is made manifest. For just as a wise physician, in order to cure a worse disease, allows the patient to contract one that is less dangerous, so the sin of pride is shown to be more grievous by the very fact that, as a remedy, G.o.d allows men to fall into other sins.
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SEVENTH ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 162, Art. 7]
Whether Pride Is the First Sin of All?
Objection 1: It would seem that pride is not the first sin of all.
For the first is maintained in all that follows. Now pride does not accompany all sins, nor is it the origin of all: for Augustine says (De Nat. et Grat. xx) that many things are done "amiss which are not done with pride." Therefore pride is not the first sin of all.
Obj. 2: Further, it is written (Ecclus. 10:14) that the "beginning of ... pride is to fall off from G.o.d." Therefore falling away from G.o.d precedes pride.
Obj. 3: Further, the order of sins would seem to be according to the order of virtues. Now, not humility but faith is the first of all virtues. Therefore pride is not the first sin of all.
Obj. 4: Further, it is written (2 Tim. 3:13): "Evil men and seducers shall grow worse and worse"; so that apparently man"s beginning of wickedness is not the greatest of sins. But pride is the greatest of sins as stated in the foregoing Article. Therefore pride is not the first sin.
Obj. 5: Further, resemblance and pretense come after the reality. Now the Philosopher says (Ethic. iii, 7) that "pride apes fort.i.tude and daring." Therefore the vice of daring precedes the vice of pride.
_On the contrary,_ It is written (Ecclus. 10:15): "Pride is the beginning of all sin."
_I answer that,_ The first thing in every genus is that which is essential. Now it has been stated above (A. 6) that aversion from G.o.d, which is the formal complement of sin, belongs to pride essentially, and to other sins, consequently. Hence it is that pride fulfils the conditions of a first thing, and is "the beginning of all sins," as stated above (I-II, Q. 84, A. 2), when we were treating of the causes of sin on the part of the aversion which is the chief part of sin.
Reply Obj. 1: Pride is said to be "the beginning of all sin," not as though every sin originated from pride, but because any kind of sin is naturally liable to arise from pride.
Reply Obj. 2: To fall off from G.o.d is said to be the beginning of pride, not as though it were a distinct sin from pride, but as being the first part of pride. For it has been said above (A. 5) that pride regards chiefly subjection to G.o.d which it scorns, and in consequence it scorns to be subject to a creature for G.o.d"s sake.
Reply Obj. 3: There is no need for the order of virtues to be the same as that of vices. For vice is corruptive of virtue. Now that which is first to be generated is the last to be corrupted. Wherefore as faith is the first of virtues, so unbelief is the last of sins, to which sometimes man is led by other sins. Hence a gloss on Ps. 136:7, "Rase it, rase it, even to the foundation thereof," says that "by heaping vice upon vice a man will lapse into unbelief," and the Apostle says (1 Tim. 1:19) that "some rejecting a good conscience have made shipwreck concerning the faith."
Reply Obj. 4: Pride is said to be the most grievous of sins because that which gives sin its gravity is essential to pride. Hence pride is the cause of gravity in other sins. Accordingly previous to pride there may be certain less grievous sins that are committed through ignorance or weakness. But among the grievous sins the first is pride, as the cause whereby other sins are rendered more grievous.
And as that which is the first in causing sins is the last in the withdrawal from sin, a gloss on Ps. 18:13, "I shall be cleansed from the greatest sin," says: "Namely from the sin of pride, which is the last in those who return to G.o.d, and the first in those who withdraw from G.o.d."
Reply Obj. 5: The Philosopher a.s.sociates pride with feigned fort.i.tude, not that it consists precisely in this, but because man thinks he is more likely to be uplifted before men, if he seem to be daring or brave.
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EIGHTH ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 162, Art. 8]
Whether Pride Should Be Reckoned a Capital Vice?
Objection 1: It would seem that pride should be reckoned a capital vice, since Isidore [*Comment. in Deut. xvi] and Ca.s.sian [*De Inst.
Caen.o.b. v, 1: Collat. v, 2] number pride among the capital vices.
Obj. 2: Further, pride is apparently the same as vainglory, since both covet excellence. Now vainglory is reckoned a capital vice.
Therefore pride also should be reckoned a capital vice.
Obj. 3: Further, Augustine says (De Virginit. x.x.xi) that "pride begets envy, nor is it ever without this companion." Now envy is reckoned a capital vice, as stated above (Q. 36, A. 4). Much more therefore is pride a capital vice.
_On the contrary,_ Gregory (Moral. x.x.xi, 45) does not include pride among the capital vices.
_I answer that,_ As stated above (AA. 2, 5, ad 1) pride may be considered in two ways; first in itself, as being a special sin; secondly, as having a general influence towards all sins. Now the capital vices are said to be certain special sins from which many kinds of sin arise. Wherefore some, considering pride in the light of a special sin, numbered it together with the other capital vices. But Gregory, taking into consideration its general influence towards all vices, as explained above (A. 2, Obj. 3), did not place it among the capital vices, but held it to be the "queen and mother of all the vices." Hence he says (Moral. x.x.xi, 45): "Pride, the queen of vices, when it has vanquished and captured the heart, forthwith delivers it into the hands of its lieutenants the seven princ.i.p.al vices, that they may despoil it and produce vices of all kinds."
This suffices for the Reply to the First Objection.
Reply Obj. 2: Pride is not the same as vainglory, but is the cause thereof: for pride covets excellence inordinately: while vainglory covets the outward show of excellence.
Reply Obj. 3: The fact that envy, which is a capital vice, arises from pride, does not prove that pride is a capital vice, but that it is still more princ.i.p.al than the capital vices themselves.
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QUESTION 163
OF THE FIRST MAN"S SIN (In Four Articles)
We must now consider the first man"s sin which was pride: and (1) his sin; (2) its punishment; (3) the temptation whereby he was led to sin.
Under the first head there are four points of inquiry:
(1) Whether pride was the first man"s first sin?
(2) What the first man coveted by sinning?
(3) Whether his sin was more grievous than all other sins?
(4) Which sinned more grievously, the man or the woman?
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FIRST ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 163, Art. 1]
Whether Pride Was the First Man"s First Sin?
Objection 1: It would seem that pride was not the first man"s first sin. For the Apostle says (Rom. 5:19) that "by the disobedience of one man many were made sinners." Now the first man"s first sin is the one by which all men were made sinners in the point of original sin.
Therefore disobedience, and not pride, was the first man"s first sin.
Obj. 2: Further, Ambrose says, commenting on Luke 4:3, "And the devil said to Him," that the devil in tempting Christ observed the same order as in overcoming the first man. Now Christ was first tempted to gluttony, as appears from Matt. 4:3, where it was said to Him: "If thou be the Son of G.o.d, command that these stones be made bread."
Therefore the first man"s first sin was not pride but gluttony.