A place implies the notion of containing; hence the first container has the formality of first place, and such is the first heaven.
Therefore bodies need in themselves to be in a place, in so far as they are contained by a heavenly body. But glorified bodies, Christ"s especially, do not stand in need of being so contained, because they draw nothing from the heavenly bodies, but from G.o.d through the soul.
So there is nothing to prevent Christ"s body from being beyond the containing radius of the heavenly bodies, and not in a containing place. Nor is there need for a vacuum to exist outside heaven, since there is no place there, nor is there any potentiality susceptive of a body, but the potentiality of reaching thither lies in Christ. So when Aristotle proves (De Coelo ii) that there is no body beyond heaven, this must be understood of bodies which are in a state of pure nature, as is seen from the proofs.
Reply Obj. 3: Although it is not of the nature of a body for it to be in the same place with another body, yet G.o.d can bring it about miraculously that a body be with another in the same place, as Christ did when He went forth from the Virgin"s sealed womb, also when He entered among the disciples through closed doors, as Gregory says (Hom. xxvi). Therefore Christ"s body can be in the same place with another body, not through some inherent property in the body, but through the a.s.sistance and operation of the Divine power.
Reply Obj. 4: That cloud afforded no support as a vehicle to the ascending Christ: but it appeared as a sign of the G.o.dhead, just as G.o.d"s glory appeared to Israel in a cloud over the Tabernacle (Ex.
40:32; Num. 9:15).
Reply Obj. 5: A glorified body has the power to be in heaven or above heaven, not from its natural principles, but from the beatified soul, from which it derives its glory: and just as the upward motion of a glorified body is not violent, so neither is its rest violent: consequently, there is nothing to prevent it from being everlasting.
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FIFTH ARTICLE [III, Q. 57, Art. 5]
Whether Christ"s Body Ascended Above Every Spiritual Creature?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ"s body did not ascend above every spiritual creature. For no fitting comparison can be made between things which have no common ratio. But place is not predicated in the same ratio of bodies and of spiritual creatures, as is evident from what was said in the First Part (Q. 8, A. 2, ad 1, 2; Q. 52, A. 1). Therefore it seems that Christ"s body cannot be said to have ascended above every spiritual creature.
Obj. 2: Further, Augustine says (De Vera Relig. lv) that a spirit always takes precedence over a body. But the higher place is due to the higher things. Therefore it does not seem that Christ ascended above every spiritual creature.
Obj. 3: Further, in every place a body exists, since there is no such thing as a vacuum in nature. Therefore if no body obtains a higher place than a spirit in the order of natural bodies, then there will be no place above every spiritual creature. Consequently, Christ"s body could not ascend above every spiritual creature.
_On the contrary,_ It is written (Eph. 1:21): "G.o.d set Him above all princ.i.p.ality, and Power, and every name that is named, not only in this world, but also in that which is to come."
_I answer that,_ The more exalted place is due to the n.o.bler subject, whether it be a place according to bodily contact, as regards bodies, or whether it be by way of spiritual contact, as regards spiritual substances; thus a heavenly place which is the highest of places is becomingly due to spiritual substances, since they are highest in the order of substances. But although Christ"s body is beneath spiritual substances, if we weigh the conditions of its corporeal nature, nevertheless it surpa.s.ses all spiritual substances in dignity, when we call to mind its dignity of union whereby it is united personally with G.o.d. Consequently, owing to this very fittingness, a higher place is due to it above every spiritual creature. Hence Gregory says in a Homily on the Ascension (xxix in Evang.) that "He who had made all things, was by His own power raised up above all things."
Reply Obj. 1: Although a place is differently attributed to corporeal and spiritual substances, still in either case this remains in common, that the higher place is a.s.signed to the worthier.
Reply Obj. 2: This argument holds good of Christ"s body according to the conditions of its corporeal nature, but not according to its formality of union.
Reply Obj. 3: This comparison may be considered either on the part of the places; and thus there is no place so high as to exceed the dignity of a spiritual substance: in this sense the objection runs.
Or it may be considered on the part of the dignity of the things to which a place is attributed: and in this way it is due to the body of Christ to be above spiritual creatures.
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SIXTH ARTICLE [III, Q. 57, Art. 6]
Whether Christ"s Ascension Is the Cause of Our Salvation?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ"s Ascension is not the cause of our salvation. For, Christ was the cause of our salvation in so far as He merited it. But He merited nothing for us by His Ascension, because His Ascension belongs to the reward of His exaltation: and the same thing is not both merit and reward, just as neither are a road and its terminus the same. Therefore it seems that Christ"s Ascension is not the cause of our salvation.
Obj. 2: Further, if Christ"s Ascension be the cause of our salvation, it seems that this is princ.i.p.ally due to the fact that His Ascension is the cause of ours. But this was bestowed upon us by His Pa.s.sion, for it is written (Heb. 10:19): "We have [Vulg.: "Having"] confidence in the entering into the holies by" His "blood." Therefore it seems that Christ"s Ascension was not the cause of our salvation.
Obj. 3: Further, the salvation which Christ bestows is an everlasting one, according to Isa. 51:6: "My salvation shall be for ever." But Christ did not ascend into heaven to remain there eternally; for it is written (Acts 1:11): "He shall so come as you have seen Him going, into heaven." Besides, we read of Him showing Himself to many holy people on earth after He went up to heaven, to Paul, for instance (Acts 9). Consequently, it seems that Christ"s Ascension is not the cause of our salvation.
_On the contrary,_ He Himself said (John 16:7): "It is expedient to you that I go"; i.e. that I should leave you and ascend into heaven.
_I answer that,_ Christ"s Ascension is the cause of our salvation in two ways: first of all, on our part; secondly, on His.
On our part, in so far as by the Ascension our souls are uplifted to Him; because, as stated above (A. 1, ad 3), His Ascension fosters, first, faith; secondly, hope; thirdly, charity. Fourthly, our reverence for Him is thereby increased, since we no longer deem Him an earthly man, but the G.o.d of heaven; thus the Apostle says (2 Cor.
5:16): "If we have known Christ according to the flesh--"that is, as mortal, whereby we reputed Him as a mere man,"" as the gloss interprets the words--"but now we know Him so no longer."
On His part, in regard to those things which, in ascending, He did for our salvation. First, He prepared the way for our ascent into heaven, according to His own saying (John 14:2): "I go to prepare a place for you," and the words of Micheas (2:13), "He shall go up that shall open the way before them." For since He is our Head the members must follow whither the Head has gone: hence He said (John 14:3): "That where I am, you also may be." In sign whereof He took to heaven the souls of the saints delivered from h.e.l.l, according to Ps. 67:19 (Cf. Eph. 4:8): "Ascending on high, He led captivity captive,"
because He took with Him to heaven those who had been held captives by the devil--to heaven, as to a place strange to human nature.
captives in deed of a happy taking, since they were acquired by His victory.
Secondly, because as the high-priest under the Old Testament entered the holy place to stand before G.o.d for the people, so also Christ entered heaven "to make intercession for us," as is said in Heb.
7:25. Because the very showing of Himself in the human nature which He took with Him to heaven is a pleading for us, so that for the very reason that G.o.d so exalted human nature in Christ, He may take pity on them for whom the Son of G.o.d took human nature. Thirdly, that being established in His heavenly seat as G.o.d and Lord, He might send down gifts upon men, according to Eph. 4:10: "He ascended above all the heavens, that He might fill all things," that is, "with His gifts," according to the gloss.
Reply Obj. 1: Christ"s Ascension is the cause of our salvation by way not of merit, but of efficiency, as was stated above regarding His Resurrection (Q. 56, A. 1, ad 3, 4).
Reply Obj. 2: Christ"s Pa.s.sion is the cause of our ascending to heaven, properly speaking, by removing the hindrance which is sin, and also by way of merit: whereas Christ"s Ascension is the direct cause of our ascension, as by beginning it in Him who is our Head, with whom the members must be united.
Reply Obj. 3: Christ by once ascending into heaven acquired for Himself and for us in perpetuity the right and worthiness of a heavenly dwelling-place; which worthiness suffers in no way, if, from some special dispensation, He sometimes comes down in body to earth; either in order to show Himself to the whole world, as at the judgment; or else to show Himself particularly to some individual, e.g. in Paul"s case, as we read in Acts 9. And lest any man may think that Christ was not bodily present when this occurred, the contrary is shown from what the Apostle says in 1 Cor. 14:8, to confirm faith in the Resurrection: "Last of all He was seen also by me, as by one born out of due time": which vision would not confirm the truth of the Resurrection except he had beheld Christ"s very body.
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QUESTION 58
OF CHRIST"S SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF THE FATHER (In Four Articles)
We have now to consider Christ"s sitting at the right hand of the Father, concerning which there are four points of inquiry:
(1) Whether Christ is seated at the right hand of the Father?
(2) Whether this belongs to Him according to the Divine Nature?
(3) Whether it belongs to Him according to His human nature?
(4) Whether it is something proper to Christ?
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FIRST ARTICLE [III, Q. 58, Art. 1]
Whether It Is Fitting That Christ Should Sit at the Right Hand of G.o.d the Father?
Objection 1: It would seem unfitting that Christ should sit at the right hand of G.o.d the Father. For right and left are differences of bodily position. But nothing corporeal can be applied to G.o.d, since "G.o.d is a spirit," as we read in John 4:24. Therefore it seems that Christ does not sit at the right hand of the Father.
Obj. 2: Further, if anyone sits at another"s right hand, then the latter is seated on his left. Consequently, if Christ sits at the right hand of the Father, it follows that the Father is seated on the left of the Son; which is unseemly.
Obj. 3: Further, sitting and standing savor of opposition. But Stephen (Acts 7:55) said: "Behold, I see the heavens opened, and the Son of man standing on the right hand of G.o.d." Therefore it seems that Christ does not sit at the right hand of the Father.
_On the contrary,_ It is written in the last chapter of Mark (16:19): "The Lord Jesus, after He had spoken to them, was taken up to heaven, and sitteth on the right hand of G.o.d."
_I answer that,_ The word "sitting" may have a twofold meaning; namely, "abiding" as in Luke 24:49: "Sit [Douay: "Stay"] you in the city": and royal or judiciary "power," as in Prov. 20:8: "The king, that sitteth on the throne of judgment, scattereth away all evil with his look." Now in either sense it belongs to Christ to sit at the Father"s right hand. First of all inasmuch as He abides eternally unchangeable in the Father"s bliss, which is termed His right hand, according to Ps. 15:11: "At Thy right hand are delights even to the end." Hence Augustine says (De Symb. i): ""Sitteth at the right hand of the Father": To sit means to dwell, just as we say of any man: "He sat in that country for three years": Believe, then, that Christ dwells so at the right hand of the Father: for He is happy, and the Father"s right hand is the name for His bliss." Secondly, Christ is said to sit at the right hand of the Father inasmuch as He reigns together with the Father, and has judiciary power from Him; just as he who sits at the king"s right hand helps him in ruling and judging.
Hence Augustine says (De Symb. ii): "By the expression "right hand,"
understand the power which this Man, chosen of G.o.d, received, that He might come to judge, who before had come to be judged."
Reply Obj. 1: As Damascene says (De Fide Orth. iv): "We do not speak of the Father"s right hand as of a place, for how can a place be designated by His right hand, who Himself is beyond all place? Right and left belong to things definable by limit. But we style, as the Father"s right hand, the glory and honor of the G.o.dhead."
Reply Obj. 2: The argument holds good if sitting at the right hand be taken corporeally. Hence Augustine says (De Symb. i): "If we accept it in a carnal sense that Christ sits at the Father"s right hand, then the Father will be on the left. But there"--that is, in eternal bliss, "it is all right hand, since no misery is there."