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QUESTION 61
OF THE PRODUCTION OF THE ANGELS IN THE ORDER OF NATURAL BEING (In Four Articles)
After dealing with the nature of the angels, their knowledge and will, it now remains for us to treat of their creation, or, speaking in a general way, of their origin. Such consideration is threefold. In the first place we must see how they were brought into natural existence; secondly, how they were made perfect in grace or glory; and thirdly, how some of them became wicked.
Under the first heading there are four points of inquiry:
(1) Whether the angel has a cause of his existence?
(2) Whether he has existed from eternity?
(3) Whether he was created before corporeal creatures?
(4) Whether the angels were created in the empyrean heaven?
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FIRST ARTICLE [I, Q. 61, Art. 1]
Whether the Angels Have a Cause of Their Existence?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels have no cause of their existence. For the first chapter of Genesis treats of things created by G.o.d. But there is no mention of angels. Therefore the angels were not created by G.o.d.
Obj. 2: Further, the Philosopher says (Metaph. viii, text. 16) that if any substance be a form without matter, "straightway it has being and unity of itself, and has no cause of its being and unity." But the angels are immaterial forms, as was shown above (Q. 50, A. 2).
Therefore they have no cause of their being.
Obj. 3: Further, whatever is produced by any agent, from the very fact of its being produced, receives form from it. But since the angels are forms, they do not derive their form from any agent.
Therefore the angels have no active cause.
_On the contrary,_ It is said (Ps. 148:2): "Praise ye Him, all His angels"; and further on, verse 5: "For He spoke and they were made."
_I answer that,_ It must be affirmed that angels and everything existing, except G.o.d, were made by G.o.d. G.o.d alone is His own existence; while in everything else the essence differs from the existence, as was shown above (Q. 3, A. 4). From this it is clear that G.o.d alone exists of His own essence: while all other things have their existence by partic.i.p.ation. Now whatever exists by partic.i.p.ation is caused by what exists essentially; as everything ignited is caused by fire. Consequently the angels, of necessity, were made by G.o.d.
Reply Obj. 1: Augustine says (De Civ. Dei xi, 50) that the angels were not pa.s.sed over in that account of the first creation of things, but are designated by the name "heavens" or of "light." And they were either pa.s.sed over, or else designated by the names of corporeal things, because Moses was addressing an uncultured people, as yet incapable of understanding an incorporeal nature; and if it had been divulged that there were creatures existing beyond corporeal nature, it would have proved to them an occasion of idolatry, to which they were inclined, and from which Moses especially meant to safeguard them.
Reply Obj. 2: Substances that are subsisting forms have no "formal"
cause of their existence and unity, nor such active cause as produces its effect by changing the matter from a state of potentiality to actuality; but they have a cause productive of their entire substance.
From this the solution of the third difficulty is manifest.
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SECOND ARTICLE [I, Q. 61, Art. 2]
Whether the Angel Was Produced by G.o.d from Eternity?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angel was produced by G.o.d from eternity. For G.o.d is the cause of the angel by His being: for He does not act through something besides His essence. But His being is eternal. Therefore He produced the angels from eternity.
Obj. 2: Further, everything which exists at one period and not at another, is subject to time. But the angel is above time, as is laid down in the book _De Causis._ Therefore the angel is not at one time existing and at another non-existing, but exists always.
Obj. 3: Further, Augustine (De Trin. xiii) proves the soul"s incorruptibility by the fact that the mind is capable of truth. But as truth is incorruptible, so is it eternal. Therefore the intellectual nature of the soul and of the angel is not only incorruptible, but likewise eternal.
_On the contrary,_ It is said (Prov. 8:22), in the person of begotten Wisdom: "The Lord possessed me in the beginning of His ways, before He made anything from the beginning." But, as was shown above (A. 1), the angels were made by G.o.d. Therefore at one time the angels were not.
_I answer that,_ G.o.d alone, Father, Son and Holy Ghost, is from eternity. Catholic Faith holds this without doubt; and everything to the contrary must be rejected as heretical. For G.o.d so produced creatures that He made them "from nothing"; that is, after they had not been.
Reply Obj. 1: G.o.d"s being is His will. So the fact that G.o.d produced the angels and other creatures by His being does not exclude that He made them also by His will. But, as was shown above (Q. 19, A. 3; Q.
46, A. 1), G.o.d"s will does not act by necessity in producing creatures. Therefore He produced such as He willed, and when He willed.
Reply Obj. 2: An angel is above that time which is the measure of the movement of the heavens; because he is above every movement of a corporeal nature. Nevertheless he is not above time which is the measure of the succession of his existence after his non-existence, and which is also the measure of the succession which is in his operations. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. viii, 20,21) that "G.o.d moves the spiritual creature according to time."
Reply Obj. 3: Angels and intelligent souls are incorruptible by the very fact of their having a nature whereby they are capable of truth.
But they did not possess this nature from eternity; it was bestowed upon them when G.o.d Himself willed it. Consequently it does not follow that the angels existed from eternity.
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THIRD ARTICLE [I, Q. 61, Art. 3]
Whether the Angels Were Created Before the Corporeal World?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels were created before the corporeal world. For Jerome says (In Ep. ad t.i.t. i, 2): "Six thousand years of our time have not yet elapsed; yet how shall we measure the time, how shall we count the ages, in which the Angels, Thrones, Dominations, and the other orders served G.o.d?" Damascene also says (De Fide Orth. ii): "Some say that the angels were begotten before all creation; as Gregory the Theologian declares, He first of all devised the angelic and heavenly powers, and the devising was the making thereof."
Obj. 2: Further, the angelic nature stands midway between the Divine and the corporeal natures. But the Divine nature is from eternity; while corporeal nature is from time. Therefore the angelic nature was produced ere time was made, and after eternity.
Obj. 3: Further, the angelic nature is more remote from the corporeal nature than one corporeal nature is from another. But one corporeal nature was made before another; hence the six days of the production of things are set forth in the opening of Genesis. Much more, therefore, was the angelic nature made before every corporeal nature.
_On the contrary,_ It is said (Gen. 1:1): "In the beginning G.o.d created heaven and earth." Now, this would not be true if anything had been created previously. Consequently the angels were not created before corporeal nature.
_I answer that,_ There is a twofold opinion on this point to be found in the writings of the Fathers. The more probable one holds that the angels were created at the same time as corporeal creatures. For the angels are part of the universe: they do not const.i.tute a universe of themselves; but both they and corporeal natures unite in const.i.tuting one universe. This stands in evidence from the relationship of creature to creature; because the mutual relationship of creatures makes up the good of the universe. But no part is perfect if separate from the whole. Consequently it is improbable that G.o.d, Whose "works are perfect," as it is said Deut. 32:4, should have created the angelic creature before other creatures. At the same time the contrary is not to be deemed erroneous; especially on account of the opinion of Gregory n.a.z.ianzen, "whose authority in Christian doctrine is of such weight that no one has ever raised objection to his teaching, as is also the case with the doctrine of Athanasius," as Jerome says.
Reply Obj. 1: Jerome is speaking according to the teaching of the Greek Fathers; all of whom hold the creation of the angels to have taken place previously to that of the corporeal world.
Reply Obj. 2: G.o.d is not a part of, but far above, the whole universe, possessing within Himself the entire perfection of the universe in a more eminent way. But an angel is a part of the universe. Hence the comparison does not hold.
Reply Obj. 3: All corporeal creatures are one in matter; while the angels do not agree with them in matter. Consequently the creation of the matter of the corporeal creature involves in a manner the creation of all things; but the creation of the angels does not involve creation of the universe.
If the contrary view be held, then in the text of Gen. 1, "In the beginning G.o.d created heaven and earth," the words, "In the beginning," must be interpreted, "In the Son," or "In the beginning of time": but not, "In the beginning, before which there was nothing," unless we say "Before which there was nothing of the nature of corporeal creatures."
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FOURTH ARTICLE [I, Q. 61, Art. 4]
Whether the Angels Were Created in the Empyrean Heaven?
Objection 1: It would seem that the angels were not created in the empyrean heaven. For the angels are incorporeal substances. Now a substance which is incorporeal is not dependent upon a body for its existence; and as a consequence, neither is it for its creation.
Therefore the angels were not created in any corporeal place.
Obj. 2: Further, Augustine remarks (Gen. ad lit. iii, 10), that the angels were created in the upper atmosphere: therefore not in the empyrean heaven.
Obj. 3: Further, the empyrean heaven is said to be the highest heaven. If therefore the angels were created in the empyrean heaven, it would not beseem them to mount up to a still higher heaven. And this is contrary to what is said in Isaias, speaking in the person of the sinning angel: "I will ascend into heaven" (Isa. 14:13).