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THIRD ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 109, Art. 3]
Whether by His Own Natural Powers and Without Grace Man Can Love G.o.d Above All Things?
Objection 1: It would seem that without grace man cannot love G.o.d above all things by his own natural powers. For to love G.o.d above all things is the proper and princ.i.p.al act of charity. Now man cannot of himself possess charity, since the "charity of G.o.d is poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Ghost Who is given to us," as is said Rom.
5:5. Therefore man by his natural powers alone cannot love G.o.d above all things.
Obj. 2: Further, no nature can rise above itself. But to love G.o.d above all things is to tend above oneself. Therefore without the help of grace no created nature can love G.o.d above itself.
Obj. 3: Further, to G.o.d, Who is the Highest Good, is due the best love, which is that He be loved above all things. Now without grace man is not capable of giving G.o.d the best love, which is His due; otherwise it would be useless to add grace. Hence man, without grace and with his natural powers alone, cannot love G.o.d above all things.
_On the contrary,_ As some maintain, man was first made with only natural endowments; and in this state it is manifest that he loved G.o.d to some extent. But he did not love G.o.d equally with himself, or less than himself, otherwise he would have sinned. Therefore he loved G.o.d above himself. Therefore man, by his natural powers alone, can love G.o.d more than himself and above all things.
_I answer that,_ As was said above (I, Q. 60, A. 5), where the various opinions concerning the natural love of the angels were set forth, man in a state of perfect nature, could by his natural power, do the good natural to him without the addition of any gratuitous gift, though not without the help of G.o.d moving him. Now to love G.o.d above all things is natural to man and to every nature, not only rational but irrational, and even to inanimate nature according to the manner of love which can belong to each creature. And the reason of this is that it is natural to all to seek and love things according as they are naturally fit (to be sought and loved) since "all things act according as they are naturally fit" as stated in _Phys._ ii, 8. Now it is manifest that the good of the part is for the good of the whole; hence everything, by its natural appet.i.te and love, loves its own proper good on account of the common good of the whole universe, which is G.o.d. Hence Dionysius says (Div. Nom. iv) that "G.o.d leads everything to love of Himself." Hence in the state of perfect nature man referred the love of himself and of all other things to the love of G.o.d as to its end; and thus he loved G.o.d more than himself and above all things. But in the state of corrupt nature man falls short of this in the appet.i.te of his rational will, which, unless it is cured by G.o.d"s grace, follows its private good, on account of the corruption of nature. And hence we must say that in the state of perfect nature man did not need the gift of grace added to his natural endowments, in order to love G.o.d above all things naturally, although he needed G.o.d"s help to move him to it; but in the state of corrupt nature man needs, even for this, the help of grace to heal his nature.
Reply Obj. 1: Charity loves G.o.d above all things in a higher way than nature does. For nature loves G.o.d above all things inasmuch as He is the beginning and the end of natural good; whereas charity loves Him, as He is the object of beat.i.tude, and inasmuch as man has a spiritual fellowship with G.o.d. Moreover charity adds to natural love of G.o.d a certain quickness and joy, in the same way that every habit of virtue adds to the good act which is done merely by the natural reason of a man who has not the habit of virtue.
Reply Obj. 2: When it is said that nature cannot rise above itself, we must not understand this as if it could not be drawn to any object above itself, for it is clear that our intellect by its natural knowledge can know things above itself, as is shown in our natural knowledge of G.o.d. But we are to understand that nature cannot rise to an act exceeding the proportion of its strength. Now to love G.o.d above all things is not such an act; for it is natural to every creature, as was said above.
Reply Obj. 3: Love is said to be best, both with respect to degree of love, and with regard to the motive of loving, and the mode of love.
And thus the highest degree of love is that whereby charity loves G.o.d as the giver of beat.i.tude, as was said above.
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FOURTH ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 109, Art. 4]
Whether Man Without Grace and by His Own Natural Powers Can Fulfil the Commandments of the Law?
Objection 1: It would seem that man without grace, and by his own natural powers, can fulfil the commandments of the Law. For the Apostle says (Rom. 2:14) that "the Gentiles who have not the law, do by nature those things that are of the Law." Now what a man does naturally he can do of himself without grace. Hence a man can fulfil the commandments of the Law without grace.
Obj. 2: Further, Jerome says (Expos. Cathol. Fide [*Symboli Explanatio ad Damasum, among the supposit.i.tious works of St. Jerome: now ascribed to Pelagius]) that "they are anathema who say G.o.d has laid impossibilities upon man." Now what a man cannot fulfil by himself is impossible to him. Therefore a man can fulfil all the commandments of himself.
Obj. 3: Further, of all the commandments of the Law, the greatest is this, "Thou shalt love the Lord thy G.o.d with thy whole heart" (Matt.
27:37). Now man with his natural endowments can fulfil this command by loving G.o.d above all things, as stated above (A. 3). Therefore man can fulfil all the commandments of the Law without grace.
_On the contrary,_ Augustine says (De Haeres. lx.x.xviii) that it is part of the Pelagian heresy that "they believe that without grace man can fulfil all the Divine commandments."
_I answer that,_ There are two ways of fulfilling the commandments of the Law. The first regards the substance of the works, as when a man does works of justice, fort.i.tude, and of other virtues. And in this way man in the state of perfect nature could fulfil all the commandments of the Law; otherwise he would have been unable to sin in that state, since to sin is nothing else than to transgress the Divine commandments. But in the state of corrupted nature man cannot fulfil all the Divine commandments without healing grace. Secondly, the commandments of the law can be fulfilled, not merely as regards the substance of the act, but also as regards the mode of acting, i.e. their being done out of charity. And in this way, neither in the state of perfect nature, nor in the state of corrupt nature can man fulfil the commandments of the law without grace. Hence, Augustine (De Corrept. et Grat. ii) having stated that "without grace men can do no good whatever," adds: "Not only do they know by its light what to do, but by its help they do lovingly what they know." Beyond this, in both states they need the help of G.o.d"s motion in order to fulfil the commandments, as stated above (AA. 2, 3).
Reply Obj. 1: As Augustine says (De Spir. et Lit. xxvii), "do not be disturbed at his saying that they do by nature those things that are of the Law; for the Spirit of grace works this, in order to restore in us the image of G.o.d, after which we were naturally made."
Reply Obj. 2: What we can do with the Divine a.s.sistance is not altogether impossible to us; according to the Philosopher (Ethic.
iii, 3): "What we can do through our friends, we can do, in some sense, by ourselves." Hence Jerome [*Symboli Explanatio ad Damasum, among the supposit.i.tious works of St. Jerome: now ascribed to Pelagius] concedes that "our will is in such a way free that we must confess we still require G.o.d"s help."
Reply Obj. 3: Man cannot, with his purely natural endowments, fulfil the precept of the love of G.o.d, as stated above (A. 3).
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FIFTH ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 109, Art. 5]
Whether Man Can Merit Everlasting Life Without Grace?
Objection 1: It would seem that man can merit everlasting life without grace. For Our Lord says (Matt. 19:17): "If thou wilt enter into life, keep the commandments"; from which it would seem that to enter into everlasting life rests with man"s will. But what rests with our will, we can do of ourselves. Hence it seems that man can merit everlasting life of himself.
Obj. 2: Further, eternal life is the wage of reward bestowed by G.o.d on men, according to Matt. 5:12: "Your reward is very great in heaven." But wage or reward is meted by G.o.d to everyone according to his works, according to Ps. 61:12: "Thou wilt render to every man according to his works." Hence, since man is master of his works, it seems that it is within his power to reach everlasting life.
Obj. 3: Further, everlasting life is the last end of human life. Now every natural thing by its natural endowments can attain its end.
Much more, therefore, may man attain to life everlasting by his natural endowments, without grace.
_On the contrary,_ The Apostle says (Rom. 6:23): "The grace of G.o.d is life everlasting." And as a gloss says, this is said "that we may understand that G.o.d, of His own mercy, leads us to everlasting life."
_I answer that,_ Acts conducing to an end must be proportioned to the end. But no act exceeds the proportion of its active principle; and hence we see in natural things, that nothing can by its operation bring about an effect which exceeds its active force, but only such as is proportionate to its power. Now everlasting life is an end exceeding the proportion of human nature, as is clear from what we have said above (Q. 5, A. 5). Hence man, by his natural endowments, cannot produce meritorious works proportionate to everlasting life; and for this a higher force is needed, viz. the force of grace. And thus without grace man cannot merit everlasting life; yet he can perform works conducing to a good which is natural to man, as "to toil in the fields, to drink, to eat, or to have friends," and the like, as Augustine says in his third Reply to the Pelagians [*Hypognosticon iii, among the spurious works of St. Augustine].
Reply Obj. 1: Man, by his will, does works meritorious of everlasting life; but as Augustine says, in the same book, for this it is necessary that the will of man should be prepared with grace by G.o.d.
Reply Obj. 2: As the gloss upon Rom. 6:23, "The grace of G.o.d is life everlasting," says, "It is certain that everlasting life is meted to good works; but the works to which it is meted, belong to G.o.d"s grace." And it has been said (A. 4), that to fulfil the commandments of the Law, in their due way, whereby their fulfilment may be meritorious, requires grace.
Reply Obj. 3: This objection has to do with the natural end of man.
Now human nature, since it is n.o.bler, can be raised by the help of grace to a higher end, which lower natures can nowise reach; even as a man who can recover his health by the help of medicines is better disposed to health than one who can nowise recover it, as the Philosopher observes (De Coelo ii, 12).
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SIXTH ARTICLE [I, Q. 109, Art. 6]
Whether a Man, by Himself and Without the External Aid of Grace, Can Prepare Himself for Grace?
Objection 1: It would seem that man, by himself and without the external help of grace, can prepare himself for grace. For nothing impossible is laid upon man, as stated above (A. 4, ad 1). But it is written (Zech. 1:3): "Turn ye to Me ... and I will turn to you."
Now to prepare for grace is nothing more than to turn to G.o.d.
Therefore it seems that man of himself, and without the external help of grace, can prepare himself for grace.
Obj. 2: Further, man prepares himself for grace by doing what is in him to do, since if man does what is in him to do, G.o.d will not deny him grace, for it is written (Matt. 7:11) that G.o.d gives His good Spirit "to them that ask Him." But what is in our power is in us to do. Therefore it seems to be in our power to prepare ourselves for grace.
Obj. 3: Further, if a man needs grace in order to prepare for grace, with equal reason will he need grace to prepare himself for the first grace; and thus to infinity, which is impossible. Hence it seems that we must not go beyond what was said first, viz. that man, of himself and without grace, can prepare himself for grace.
Obj. 4: Further, it is written (Prov. 16:1) that "it is the part of man to prepare the soul." Now an action is said to be part of a man, when he can do it by himself. Hence it seems that man by himself can prepare himself for grace.
_On the contrary,_ It is written (John 6:44): "No man can come to Me except the Father, Who hath sent Me, draw him." But if man could prepare himself, he would not need to be drawn by another. Hence man cannot prepare himself without the help of grace.
_I answer that,_ The preparation of the human will for good is twofold: the first, whereby it is prepared to operate rightly and to enjoy G.o.d; and this preparation of the will cannot take place without the habitual gift of grace, which is the principle of meritorious works, as stated above (A. 5). There is a second way in which the human will may be taken to be prepared for the gift of habitual grace itself. Now in order that man prepare himself to receive this gift, it is not necessary to presuppose any further habitual gift in the soul, otherwise we should go on to infinity. But we must presuppose a gratuitous gift of G.o.d, Who moves the soul inwardly or inspires the good wish. For in these two ways do we need the Divine a.s.sistance, as stated above (AA. 2, 3). Now that we need the help of G.o.d to move us, is manifest. For since every agent acts for an end, every cause must direct is effect to its end, and hence since the order of ends is according to the order of agents or movers, man must be directed to the last end by the motion of the first mover, and to the proximate end by the motion of any of the subordinate movers; as the spirit of the soldier is bent towards seeking the victory by the motion of the leader of the army--and towards following the standard of a regiment by the motion of the standard-bearer. And thus since G.o.d is the First Mover, simply, it is by His motion that everything seeks to be likened to G.o.d in its own way. Hence Dionysius says (Div. Nom. iv) that "G.o.d turns all to Himself." But He directs righteous men to Himself as to a special end, which they seek, and to which they wish to cling, according to Ps. 72:28, "it is good for Me to adhere to my G.o.d." And that they are "turned" to G.o.d can only spring from G.o.d"s having "turned" them. Now to prepare oneself for grace is, as it were, to be turned to G.o.d; just as, whoever has his eyes turned away from the light of the sun, prepares himself to receive the sun"s light, by turning his eyes towards the sun. Hence it is clear that man cannot prepare himself to receive the light of grace except by the gratuitous help of G.o.d moving him inwardly.
Reply Obj. 1: Man"s turning to G.o.d is by free-will; and thus man is bidden to turn himself to G.o.d. But free-will can only be turned to G.o.d, when G.o.d turns it, according to Jer. 31:18: "Convert me and I shall be converted, for Thou art the Lord, my G.o.d"; and Lam. 5:21: "Convert us, O Lord, to Thee, and we shall be converted."
Reply Obj. 2: Man can do nothing unless moved by G.o.d, according to John 15:5: "Without Me, you can do nothing." Hence when a man is said to do what is in him to do, this is said to be in his power according as he is moved by G.o.d.
Reply Obj. 3: This objection regards habitual grace, for which some preparation is required, since every form requires a disposition in that which is to be its subject. But in order that man should be moved by G.o.d, no further motion is presupposed since G.o.d is the First Mover. Hence we need not go to infinity.
Reply Obj. 4: It is the part of man to prepare his soul, since he does this by his free-will. And yet he does not do this without the help of G.o.d moving him, and drawing him to Himself, as was said above.
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SEVENTH ARTICLE [I-II, Q. 109, Art. 7]