(1) What is the object in which presumption trusts?
(2) Whether presumption is a sin?
(3) To what is it opposed?
(4) From what vice does it arise?
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FIRST ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 21, Art. 1]
Whether Presumption Trusts in G.o.d or in Our Own Power?
Objection 1: It would seem that presumption, which is a sin against the Holy Ghost, trusts, not in G.o.d, but in our own power. For the lesser the power, the more grievously does he sin who trusts in it too much. But man"s power is less than G.o.d"s. Therefore it is a more grievous sin to presume on human power than to presume on the power of G.o.d. Now the sin against the Holy Ghost is most grievous.
Therefore presumption, which is reckoned a species of sin against the Holy Ghost, trusts to human rather than to Divine power.
Obj. 2: Further, other sins arise from the sin against the Holy Ghost, for this sin is called malice which is a source from which sins arise. Now other sins seem to arise from the presumption whereby man presumes on himself rather than from the presumption whereby he presumes on G.o.d, since self-love is the origin of sin, according to Augustine (De Civ. Dei xiv, 28). Therefore it seems that presumption which is a sin against the Holy Ghost, relies chiefly on human power.
Obj. 3: Further, sin arises from the inordinate conversion to a mutable good. Now presumption is a sin. Therefore it arises from turning to human power, which is a mutable good, rather than from turning to the power of G.o.d, which is an immutable good.
_On the contrary,_ Just as, through despair, a man despises the Divine mercy, on which hope relies, so, through presumption, he despises the Divine justice, which punishes the sinner. Now justice is in G.o.d even as mercy is. Therefore, just as despair consists in aversion from G.o.d, so presumption consists in inordinate conversion to Him.
_I answer that,_ Presumption seems to imply immoderate hope. Now the object of hope is an arduous possible good: and a thing is possible to a man in two ways: first by his own power; secondly, by the power of G.o.d alone. With regard to either hope there may be presumption owing to lack of moderation. As to the hope whereby a man relies on his own power, there is presumption if he tends to a good as though it were possible to him, whereas it surpa.s.ses his powers, according to Judith 6:15: "Thou humblest them that presume of themselves." This presumption is contrary to the virtue of magnanimity which holds to the mean in this kind of hope.
But as to the hope whereby a man relies on the power of G.o.d, there may be presumption through immoderation, in the fact that a man tends to some good as though it were possible by the power and mercy of G.o.d, whereas it is not possible, for instance, if a man hope to obtain pardon without repenting, or glory without merits. This presumption is, properly, the sin against the Holy Ghost, because, to wit, by presuming thus a man removes or despises the a.s.sistance of the Holy Spirit, whereby he is withdrawn from sin.
Reply Obj. 1: As stated above (Q. 20, A. 3; I-II, Q. 73, A. 3) a sin which is against G.o.d is, in its genus, graver than other sins. Hence presumption whereby a man relies on G.o.d inordinately, is a more grievous sin than the presumption of trusting in one"s own power, since to rely on the Divine power for obtaining what is unbecoming to G.o.d, is to depreciate the Divine power, and it is evident that it is a graver sin to detract from the Divine power than to exaggerate one"s own.
Reply Obj. 2: The presumption whereby a man presumes inordinately on G.o.d, includes self-love, whereby he loves his own good inordinately.
For when we desire a thing very much, we think we can easily procure it through others, even though we cannot.
Reply Obj. 3: Presumption on G.o.d"s mercy implies both conversion to a mutable good, in so far as it arises from an inordinate desire of one"s own good, and aversion from the immutable good, in as much as it ascribes to the Divine power that which is unbecoming to it, for thus man turns away from G.o.d"s power.
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SECOND ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 21, Art. 2]
Whether Presumption Is a Sin?
Objection 1: It would seem that presumption is not a sin. For no sin is a reason why man should be heard by G.o.d. Yet, through presumption some are heard by G.o.d, for it is written (Judith 9:17): "Hear me a poor wretch making supplication to Thee, and presuming of Thy mercy."
Therefore presumption on G.o.d"s mercy is not a sin.
Obj. 2: Further, presumption denotes excessive hope. But there cannot be excess of that hope which is in G.o.d, since His power and mercy are infinite. Therefore it seems that presumption is not a sin.
Obj. 3: Further, that which is a sin does not excuse from sin: for the Master says (Sent. ii, D, 22) that "Adam sinned less, because he sinned in the hope of pardon," which seems to indicate presumption.
Therefore presumption is not a sin.
_On the contrary,_ It is reckoned a species of sin against the Holy Ghost.
_I answer that,_ As stated above (Q. 20, A. 1) with regard to despair, every appet.i.tive movement that is conformed to a false intellect, is evil in itself and sinful. Now presumption is an appet.i.tive movement, since it denotes an inordinate hope. Moreover it is conformed to a false intellect, just as despair is: for just as it is false that G.o.d does not pardon the repentant, or that He does not turn sinners to repentance, so is it false that He grants forgiveness to those who persevere in their sins, and that He gives glory to those who cease from good works: and it is to this estimate that the movement of presumption is conformed.
Consequently presumption is a sin, but less grave than despair, since, on account of His infinite goodness, it is more proper to G.o.d to have mercy and to spare, than to punish: for the former becomes G.o.d in Himself, the latter becomes Him by reason of our sins.
Reply Obj. 1: Presumption sometimes stands for hope, because even the right hope which we have in G.o.d seems to be presumption, if it be measured according to man"s estate: yet it is not, if we look at the immensity of the goodness of G.o.d.
Reply Obj. 2: Presumption does not denote excessive hope, as though man hoped too much in G.o.d; but through man hoping to obtain from G.o.d something unbecoming to Him; which is the same as to hope too little in Him, since it implies a depreciation of His power; as stated above (A. 1, ad 1).
Reply Obj. 3: To sin with the intention of persevering in sin and through the hope of being pardoned, is presumptuous, and this does not diminish, but increases sin. To sin, however, with the hope of obtaining pardon some time, and with the intention of refraining from sin and of repenting of it, is not presumptuous, but diminishes sin, because this seems to indicate a will less hardened in sin.
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THIRD ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 21, Art. 3]
Whether Presumption Is More Opposed to Fear Than to Hope?
Objection 1: It would seem that presumption is more opposed to fear than to hope. Because inordinate fear is opposed to right fear. Now presumption seems to pertain to inordinate fear, for it is written (Wis. 17:10): "A troubled conscience always presumes [Douay: "forecasteth"] grievous things," and (Wis. 17:11) that "fear is a help to presumption [*Vulg.: "Fear is nothing else but a yielding up of the succours from thought."]." Therefore presumption is opposed to fear rather than to hope.
Obj. 2: Further, contraries are most distant from one another. Now presumption is more distant from fear than from hope, because presumption implies movement to something, just as hope does, whereas fear denotes movement from a thing. Therefore presumption is contrary to fear rather than to hope.
Obj. 3: Further, presumption excludes fear altogether, whereas it does not exclude hope altogether, but only the rect.i.tude of hope.
Since therefore contraries destroy one another, it seems that presumption is contrary to fear rather than to hope.
_On the contrary,_ When two vices are opposed to one another they are contrary to the same virtue, as timidity and audacity are opposed to fort.i.tude. Now the sin of presumption is contrary to the sin of despair, which is directly opposed to hope. Therefore it seems that presumption also is more directly opposed to hope.
_I answer that,_ As Augustine states (Contra Julian. iv, 3), "every virtue not only has a contrary vice manifestly distinct from it, as temerity is opposed to prudence, but also a sort of kindred vice, alike, not in truth but only in its deceitful appearance, as cunning is opposed to prudence." This agrees with the Philosopher who says (Ethic. ii, 8) that a virtue seems to have more in common with one of the contrary vices than with the other, as temperance with insensibility, and fort.i.tude with audacity.
Accordingly presumption appears to be manifestly opposed to fear, especially servile fear, which looks at the punishment arising from G.o.d"s justice, the remission of which presumption hopes for; yet by a kind of false likeness it is more opposed to hope, since it denotes an inordinate hope in G.o.d. And since things are more directly opposed when they belong to the same genus, than when they belong to different genera, it follows that presumption is more directly opposed to hope than to fear. For they both regard and rely on the same object, hope inordinately, presumption inordinately.
Reply Obj. 1: Just as hope is misused in speaking of evils, and properly applied in speaking of good, so is presumption: it is in this way that inordinate fear is called presumption.
Reply Obj. 2: Contraries are things that are most distant from one another within the same genus. Now presumption and hope denote a movement of the same genus, which can be either ordinate or inordinate. Hence presumption is more directly opposed to hope than to fear, since it is opposed to hope in respect of its specific difference, as an inordinate thing to an ordinate one, whereas it is opposed to fear, in respect of its generic difference, which is the movement of hope.
Reply Obj. 3: Presumption is opposed to fear by a generic contrariety, and to the virtue of hope by a specific contrariety.
Hence presumption excludes fear altogether even generically, whereas it does not exclude hope except by reason of its difference, by excluding its ordinateness.
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FOURTH ARTICLE [II-II, Q. 21, Art. 4]
Whether Presumption Arises from Vainglory?
Objection 1: It would seem that presumption does not arise from vainglory. For presumption seems to rely most of all on the Divine mercy. Now mercy (_misericordia_) regards unhappiness (_miseriam_) which is contrary to glory. Therefore presumption does not arise from vainglory.
Obj. 2: Further, presumption is opposed to despair. Now despair arises from sorrow, as stated above (Q. 20, A. 4, ad 2). Since therefore opposites have opposite causes, presumption would seem to arise from pleasure, and consequently from sins of the flesh, which give the most absorbing pleasure.
Obj. 3: Further, the vice of presumption consists in tending to some impossible good, as though it were possible. Now it is owing to ignorance that one deems an impossible thing to be possible.
Therefore presumption arises from ignorance rather than from vainglory.
_On the contrary,_ Gregory says (Moral. x.x.xi, 45) that "presumption of novelties is a daughter of vainglory."
_I answer that,_ As stated above (A. 1), presumption is twofold; one whereby a man relies on his own power, when he attempts something beyond his power, as though it were possible to him. Such like presumption clearly arises from vainglory; for it is owing to a great desire for glory, that a man attempts things beyond his power, and especially novelties which call for greater admiration. Hence Gregory states explicitly that presumption of novelties is a daughter of vainglory.
The other presumption is an inordinate trust in the Divine mercy or power, consisting in the hope of obtaining glory without merits, or pardon without repentance. Such like presumption seems to arise directly from pride, as though man thought so much of himself as to esteem that G.o.d would not punish him or exclude him from glory, however much he might be a sinner.