Whether Christ"s Resurrection Is the Cause of the Resurrection of Our Bodies?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ"s Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of our bodies, because, given a sufficient cause, the effect must follow of necessity. If, then, Christ"s Resurrection be the sufficient cause of the resurrection of our bodies, then all the dead should have risen again as soon as He rose.
Obj. 2: Further, Divine justice is the cause of the resurrection of the dead, so that the body may be rewarded or punished together with the soul, since they shared in merit or sin, as Dionysius says (Eccles. Hier. vii) and Damascene (De Fide Orth. iv). But G.o.d"s justice must necessarily be accomplished, even if Christ had not risen. Therefore the dead would rise again even though Christ did not. Consequently Christ"s Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of our bodies.
Obj. 3: Further, if Christ"s Resurrection be the cause of the resurrection of our bodies, it would be either the exemplar, or the efficient, or the meritorious cause. Now it is not the exemplar cause; because it is G.o.d who will bring about the resurrection of our bodies, according to John 5:21: "The Father raiseth up the dead": and G.o.d has no need to look at any exemplar cause outside Himself. In like manner it is not the efficient cause; because an efficient cause acts only through contact, whether spiritual or corporeal. Now it is evident that Christ"s Resurrection has no corporeal contact with the dead who shall rise again, owing to distance of time and place; and similarly it has no spiritual contact, which is through faith and charity, because even unbelievers and sinners shall rise again. Nor again is it the meritorious cause, because when Christ rose He was no longer a wayfarer, and consequently not in a state of merit.
Therefore, Christ"s Resurrection does not appear to be in any way the cause of ours.
Obj. 4: Further, since death is the privation of life, then to destroy death seems to be nothing else than to bring life back again; and this is resurrection. But "by dying, Christ destroyed our death"
[*Preface of Ma.s.s in Paschal Time]. Consequently, Christ"s death, not His Resurrection, is the cause of our resurrection.
_On the contrary,_ on 1 Cor. 15:12: "Now if Christ be preached, that He rose again from the dead," the gloss says: "Who is the efficient cause of our resurrection."
_I answer that,_ As stated in 2 Metaphysics, text 4: "Whatever is first in any order, is the cause of all that come after it." But Christ"s Resurrection was the first in the order of our resurrection, as is evident from what was said above (Q. 53, A. 3). Hence Christ"s Resurrection must be the cause of ours: and this is what the Apostle says (1 Cor. 15:20, 21): "Christ is risen from the dead, the first-fruits of them that sleep; for by a man came death, and by a man the resurrection of the dead."
And this is reasonable. Because the principle of human life-giving is the Word of G.o.d, of whom it is said (Ps. 35:10): "With Thee is the fountain of life": hence He Himself says (John 5:21): "As the Father raiseth up the dead, and giveth life; so the Son also giveth life to whom He will." Now the divinely established natural order is that every cause operates first upon what is nearest to it, and through it upon others which are more remote; just as fire first heats the nearest air, and through it it heats bodies that are further off: and G.o.d Himself first enlightens those substances which are closer to Him, and through them others that are more remote, as Dionysius says (Coel. Hier. xiii). Consequently, the Word of G.o.d first bestows immortal life upon that body which is naturally united with Himself, and through it works the resurrection in all other bodies.
Reply Obj. 1: As was stated above, Christ"s Resurrection is the cause of ours through the power of the united Word, who operates according to His will. And consequently, it is not necessary for the effect to follow at once, but according as the Word of G.o.d disposes, namely, that first of all we be conformed to the suffering and dying Christ in this suffering and mortal life; and afterwards may come to share in the likeness of His Resurrection.
Reply Obj. 2: G.o.d"s justice is the first cause of our resurrection, whereas Christ"s Resurrection is the secondary, and as it were the instrumental cause. But although the power of the princ.i.p.al cause is not restricted to one instrument determinately, nevertheless since it works through this instrument, such instrument causes the effect. So, then, the Divine justice in itself is not tied down to Christ"s Resurrection as a means of bringing about our resurrection: because G.o.d could deliver us in some other way than through Christ"s Pa.s.sion and Resurrection, as already stated (Q. 46, A. 2). But having once decreed to deliver us in this way, it is evident that Christ"s Resurrection is the cause of ours.
Reply Obj. 3: Properly speaking, Christ"s Resurrection is not the meritorious cause, but the efficient and exemplar cause of our resurrection. It is the efficient cause, inasmuch as Christ"s humanity, according to which He rose again, is as it were the instrument of His G.o.dhead, and works by Its power, as stated above (Q. 13, AA. 2, 3). And therefore, just as all other things which Christ did and endured in His humanity are profitable to our salvation through the power of the G.o.dhead, as already stated (Q. 48, A. 6), so also is Christ"s Resurrection the efficient cause of ours, through the Divine power whose office it is to quicken the dead; and this power by its presence is in touch with all places and times; and such virtual contact suffices for its efficiency. And since, as was stated above (ad 2), the primary cause of human resurrection is the Divine justice, from which Christ has "the power of pa.s.sing judgment, because He is the Son of Man" (John 5:27); the efficient power of His Resurrection extends to the good and wicked alike, who are subject to His judgment.
But just as the Resurrection of Christ"s body, through its personal union with the Word, is first in point of time, so also is it first in dignity and perfection; as the gloss says on 1 Cor. 15:20, 23. But whatever is most perfect is always the exemplar, which the less perfect copies according to its mode; consequently Christ"s Resurrection is the exemplar of ours. And this is necessary, not on the part of Him who rose again, who needs no exemplar, but on the part of them who are raised up, who must be likened to that Resurrection, according to Phil. 3:21: "He will reform the body of our lowness, made like to the body of His glory." Now although the efficiency of Christ"s Resurrection extends to the resurrection of the good and wicked alike, still its exemplarity extends properly only to the just, who are made conformable with His Sonship, according to Rom. 8:29.
Reply Obj. 4: Considered on the part of their efficiency, which is dependent on the Divine power, both Christ"s death and His Resurrection are the cause both of the destruction of death and of the renewal of life: but considered as exemplar causes, Christ"s death--by which He withdrew from mortal life--is the cause of the destruction of our death; while His Resurrection, whereby He inaugurated immortal life, is the cause of the repairing of our life.
But Christ"s Pa.s.sion is furthermore a meritorious cause, as stated above (Q. 48, A. 1).
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SECOND ARTICLE [III, Q. 56, Art. 2]
Whether Christ"s Resurrection Is the Cause of the Resurrection of Souls?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ"s Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of souls, because Augustine says (Tract.
xxiii super Joan.) that "bodies rise by His human dispensation, but souls rise by the Substance of G.o.d." But Christ"s Resurrection does not belong to G.o.d"s Substance, but to the dispensation of His humanity. Therefore, although Christ"s Resurrection is the cause of bodies rising, nevertheless it does not seem to be the cause of the resurrection of souls.
Obj. 2: Further, a body does not act upon a spirit. But the Resurrection belongs to His body, which death laid low. Therefore His Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of souls.
Obj. 3: Further, since Christ"s Resurrection is the cause why bodies rise again, the bodies of all men shall rise again, according to 1 Cor. 15:51: "We shall all indeed rise again." But the souls of all will not rise again, because according to Matt. 25:46: "some shall go into everlasting punishment." Therefore Christ"s Resurrection is not the cause of the resurrection of souls.
Obj. 4: Further, the resurrection of souls comes of the forgiveness of sins. But this was effected by Christ"s Pa.s.sion, according to Apoc. 1:5: "He washed us from our sins in His own blood."
Consequently, Christ"s Pa.s.sion even more than His Resurrection is the cause of the resurrection of souls.
_On the contrary,_ The Apostle says (Rom. 4:25): "He rose again for our justification," which is nothing else than the resurrection of souls: and on Ps. 29:6: "In the evening weeping shall have place,"
the gloss says, "Christ"s Resurrection is the cause of ours, both of the soul at present, and of the body in the future."
_I answer that,_ As stated above, Christ"s Resurrection works in virtue of the G.o.dhead; now this virtue extends not only to the resurrection of bodies, but also to that of souls: for it comes of G.o.d that the soul lives by grace, and that the body lives by the soul. Consequently, Christ"s Resurrection has instrumentally an effective power not only with regard to the resurrection of bodies, but also with respect to the resurrection of souls. In like fashion it is an exemplar cause with regard to the resurrection of souls, because even in our souls we must be conformed with the rising Christ: as the Apostle says (Rom. 6:4-11) "Christ is risen from the dead by the glory of the Father, so we also may walk in newness of life": and as He, "rising again from the dead, dieth now no more, so let us reckon that we (Vulg.: "you")" are dead to sin, that we may "live together with Him."
Reply Obj. 1: Augustine says that the resurrection of souls is wrought by G.o.d"s Substance, as to partic.i.p.ation, because souls become good and just by sharing in the Divine goodness, but not by sharing in anything created. Accordingly, after saying that souls rise by the Divine Substance, he adds: the soul is beatified by a partic.i.p.ation with G.o.d, and not by a partic.i.p.ation with a holy soul. But our bodies are made glorious by sharing in the glory of Christ"s body.
Reply Obj. 2: The efficacy of Christ"s Resurrection reaches souls not from any special virtue of His risen body, but from the virtue of the G.o.dhead personally united with it.
Reply Obj. 3: The resurrection of souls pertains to merit, which is the effect of justification; but the resurrection of bodies is ordained for punishment or reward, which are the effects of Him who judges. Now it belongs to Christ, not to justify all men, but to judge them: and therefore He raises up all as to their bodies, but not as to their souls.
Reply Obj. 4: Two things concur in the justification of souls, namely, forgiveness of sin and newness of life through grace.
Consequently, as to efficacy, which comes of the Divine power, the Pa.s.sion as well as the Resurrection of Christ is the cause of justification as to both the above. But as to exemplarity, properly speaking Christ"s Pa.s.sion and death are the cause of the forgiveness of guilt, by which forgiveness we die unto sin: whereas Christ"s Resurrection is the cause of newness of life, which comes through grace or justice: consequently, the Apostle says (Rom. 4:25) that "He was delivered up," i.e. to death, "for our sins," i.e. to take them away, "and rose again for our justification." But Christ"s Pa.s.sion was also a meritorious cause, as stated above (A. 1, ad 4; Q. 48, A. 1).
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QUESTION 57
OF THE ASCENSION OF CHRIST (In Six Articles)
We have now to consider Christ"s Ascension: concerning which there are six points of inquiry:
(1) Whether it belonged for Christ to ascend into heaven?
(2) According to which nature did it become Him to ascend?
(3) Whether He ascended by His own power?
(4) Whether He ascended above all the corporeal heavens?
(5) Whether He ascended above all spiritual creatures?
(6) Of the effect of the Ascension.
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FIRST ARTICLE [III, Q. 57, Art. 1]
Whether It Was Fitting for Christ to Ascend into Heaven?
Objection 1: It would seem that it was not fitting for Christ to ascend into heaven. For the Philosopher says (De Coelo ii) that "things which are in a state of perfection possess their good without movement." But Christ was in a state of perfection, since He is the Sovereign Good in respect of His Divine Nature, and sovereignly glorified in respect of His human nature. Consequently, He has His good without movement. But ascension is movement. Therefore it was not fitting for Christ to ascend.
Obj. 2: Further, whatever is moved, is moved on account of something better. But it was no better thing for Christ to be in heaven than upon earth, because He gained nothing either in soul or in body by being in heaven. Therefore it seems that Christ should not have ascended into heaven.
Obj. 3: Further, the Son of G.o.d took human flesh for our salvation.
But it would have been more beneficial for men if He had tarried always with us upon earth; thus He said to His disciples (Luke 17:22): "The days will come when you shall desire to see one day of the Son of man; and you shall not see it." Therefore it seems unfitting for Christ to have ascended into heaven.
Obj. 4: Further, as Gregory says (Moral. xiv), Christ"s body was in no way changed after the Resurrection. But He did not ascend into heaven immediately after rising again, for He said after the Resurrection (John 20:17): "I am not yet ascended to My Father."
Therefore it seems that neither should He have ascended after forty days.
_On the contrary,_ Are the words of our Lord (John 20:17): "I ascend to My Father and to your Father."
_I answer that,_ The place ought to be in keeping with what is contained therein. Now by His Resurrection Christ entered upon an immortal and incorruptible life. But whereas our dwelling-place is one of generation and corruption, the heavenly place is one of incorruption. And consequently it was not fitting that Christ should remain upon earth after the Resurrection; but it was fitting that He should ascend to heaven.
Reply Obj. 1: That which is best and possesses its good without movement is G.o.d Himself, because He is utterly unchangeable, according to Malachi 3:6: "I am the Lord, and I change not." But every creature is changeable in some respect, as is evident from Augustine (Gen. ad lit. viii). And since the nature a.s.sumed by the Son of G.o.d remained a creature, as is clear from what was said above (Q. 2, A. 7; Q. 16, AA. 8, 10; Q. 20, A. 1), it is not unbecoming if some movement be attributed to it.
Reply Obj. 2: By ascending into heaven Christ acquired no addition to His essential glory either in body or in soul: nevertheless He did acquire something as to the fittingness of place, which pertains to the well-being of glory: not that His body acquired anything from a heavenly body by way of perfection or preservation; but merely out of a certain fittingness. Now this in a measure belonged to His glory; and He had a certain kind of joy from such fittingness, not indeed that He then began to derive joy from it when He ascended into heaven, but that He rejoiced thereat in a new way, as at a thing completed. Hence, on Ps. 15:11: "At Thy right hand are delights even unto the end," the gloss says: "I shall delight in sitting nigh to Thee, when I shall be taken away from the sight of men."