After perusing many volumes of Anatole France, one after another, we come to feel as though nothing in the world were important except the reading of unusual books, the conversation of unusual people, and the enjoyment of such philosophical pleasures as may be permitted by the G.o.ds and encouraged by the approbation of a friendly and tolerant conscience.
One always rises from the savouring of his excellent genius with a conviction that it is only the conversation of one"s friends, varied by such innocent pleasures of the senses as may be in harmony with the custom of one"s country, which renders in the last resort the madness of the world endurable.
He alone, of all modern writers, creates that leisurely atmosphere of n.o.ble and humorous dignity--familiar enough to lovers of the old masters--according to which every gesture and word of the most simple human being comes to be endowed with a kind of royal distinction. By the very presence in his thought of the essential meaninglessness of the world, he is enabled to throw into stronger relief the "quips and cranks and wanton wiles" of our pathetic humanity.
Human words--the words of the most crack-brained among us--take to themselves a weight and dignity from the presence behind them of this cosmic purposelessness. The less the universe matters, the more humanity matters. The less meaning there is in the macrocosm the more tenderly and humorously must every microcosm be treated.
It thus comes about that Anatole France, the most disillusioned and sceptical of writers, is also the writer whose books throw over the fancies and caprices of humanity the most large and liberal benediction.
To realise how essentially provincial English and American writers are, one has only to consider for a moment the absolute impossibility of such books as "L"Orme du Mail," "Le Mannequin"
or "Monsieur Bergeret a Paris" appearing in either of these countries.
This amiable and smiling scepticism, this profound scholarship, this subtle interest in theological problems, this ironical interest in political problems, this detachment of tone, this urbane humanism, make up an "ensemble" which one feels could only possibly appear in the land of Rabelais and Voltaire.
Think of the emergence of a book in London or New York bearing such quotations at the heads of the chapters as those which are to be found in "Le Puits de Sainte Claire"! The mere look of the first page of the volume, with its beautifully printed Greek sentence about _ta physika kai ta ethika kai ta mathmatika_, lifts one suddenly and with a delicious thrill of pleasure, as if from the touch of a cool, strong, youthful hand, into that serene atmosphere of large speculations and unbounded vistas which is the inheritance of the great humane tradition: the tradition, older than all the dust of modern argument, and making every other mental temper seem, in comparison, vulgar, common, bourgeois and provincial.
The chapter headed "Saint Satyre" is prefaced by a beautiful hymn from the "Breviarum Romanum"; while the story named "Guido Cavalcanti" begins with a long quotation from "Il Decameron di Messer Giovanni Boccaccio." I take the first instance that comes to my hand; but all his books are the same. And one who reads Anatole France for the sake of an exciting narrative, or for the sake of illuminating psychology, or for the sake of some proselytising theory, will be hugely disappointed. None of these things will he find; nor, indeed, anything else that is tiresomely and absurdly modern.
What he will find will be the old, sweet, laughing, mellow world of rich antique wisdom; a world where the poetry of the ancients blends harmoniously with the mystical learning of the fathers of the church; a world where books are loved better than theories and persons better than books; a world where the humours of the pathetic flesh and blood of the human race are given their true value, as more amusing than any philosophy and as the cause and origin of all the philosophies that have ever been!
Anatole France is incorrigibly pagan. The pleasures of the senses are described in all his books with a calm smiling a.s.surance that ultimately these are the only things that matter!
I suppose that no author that ever lived is so irritating to strong-minded idealists. He does not give these people "the ghost of a chance." He serenely a.s.sumes that all ideals are of human, too human, origin, and that no ideals can stand up long against the shocks of life"s ironic caprices.
And yet while so maliciously introducing, with laconic Voltairian gibes, the wanton p.r.i.c.king of human sensuality, he never forgets the church. In nothing is he more French; in nothing is he more civilised, than in his perpetual preoccupation with two things--the beauty and frailty of women and the beauty and inconsistency of Christianity.
The clever young men who write books in England and America seem possessed by a precisely opposite purpose; the purpose of showing that Christianity is played out and the purpose of showing that women are no longer frail.
That sort of earnest-minded attempt to establish some kind of mystical subst.i.tute for the religion of our fathers, which one is continually meeting in modern books and which has so withering an effect both upon imagination and humour, is never encountered in Anatole France. He is interested in old tradition and he loves to mock at it. He is interested in human sensuality and he loves to mock at it; but apart from traditional piety struggling with natural pa.s.sion, he finds nothing in the human soul that arrests him very deeply.
Man, to Anatole France, is a heathen animal who has been baptised; and the humour of his whole method depends upon our keeping a firm hold upon both these aspects of our mortal life.
In a world where men propagated themselves like plants or trees and where there was no organised religious tradition, the humour of Anatole France would beat its wings in the void in vain. He requires the sting of sensual desire and he requires an elaborate ecclesiastical system whose object is the restraint of sensual desire. With these two chords to play upon he can make sweet music. Take them both away and there could be no Anatole France.
The root of this great writer"s genius is _irony._ His whole philosophy is summed up in that word, and all the magic of his unequalled style depends upon it.
Sometimes as we read him, we are stirred by a dim sense of indignation against his perpetual tone of smiling, patronising, disenchanted, Olympian pity. The word "pity" is one of his favourite words, and a certain kind of pity is certainly a profound element in his mocking heart.
But it is the pity of an Olympian G.o.d, a pity that cares little for what we call justice, a pity that refuses to take seriously the objects of his commiseration. His clear-sighted intelligence is often pleased to toy very plausibly with a certain species of revolutionary socialism. But, I suppose few socialists derive much satisfaction from that devastating piece of irony, the Isle of the Penguins; where everything moves in circles and all ends as it began.
The glacial smile of the yawning gulf of eternal futility flickers through all his pages. Everything is amusing. Nothing is important.
Let us eat and drink; let us be urbane and tolerant; let us walk on the sunny side of the road; let us smell the roses on the sepulchres of the dead G.o.ds; let us pluck the violets from the sepulchres of our dead loves. All is equal--nothing matters. The wisest are they who play with illusions which no longer deceive them and with the pity that no longer hurts them. The wisest are they who answer the brutality of Nature with the irony of Humanity. The wisest are they who read old books, drink old wine, converse with old friends, and let the rest go.
And yet--and yet--
There is a poem of Paul Verlaine dedicated to Anatole France which speaks like one wounded well nigh past enduring by the voices of the scoffers.
Ah, les Voix, mourez done, mourantes que vous etes Sentences, mots en vain, metaph.o.r.es mal faites, Toute la rhetorique en fuite des peches, Ah, les Voix, mourez done, mourantes que vous etes!
Mourez parmi la voix terrible de l"Amour!
PAUL VERLAINE
To turn suddenly to the poetry of Paul Verlaine from the ma.s.s of modern verse is to experience something like that sensation so admirably described by Th.o.r.eau when he came upon a sentence in Latin or in Greek lying like a broken branch of lovely fresh greenery across the pages of some modern book.
Verlaine more than any other European poet is responsible for the huge revolution in poetry which has taken in recent times so many and so surprising shapes and has deviated so far from its originator"s method.
There is little resemblance between the most striking modern experiments in what is called "free verse" and the manner in which Verlaine himself broke with the old tradition; but the spirit animating these more recent adventures is the spirit which Verlaine called up from the "vasty deep," and with all their divergence from his original manner these modern rebels have a perfect right to use the authority of his great name, "car son nom," as Coppee says, in his tenderly written preface to his "Choix de Poesies," "eveillera toujours le souvenir d"une poesie absolument nouvelle et qui a pris dans les lettres franchises l"importance d"une decouverte."
The pleasure with which one returns to Verlaine from wandering here and there among our daring contemporaries is really nothing less than a tribute to the essential nature of all great poetry; I mean to the soul of music in the thing. Some of the most powerful and original of modern poets have been led so far away from this essential soul of their own great art as to treat the music of their works as quite subordinate to its intellectual or visual import.
As far as I am able to understand the theories of the so-called "imagists," the idea is to lay the chief stress upon the evocation of clearly outlined shapes--images clean-cut and sharply defined, and, while personal in their choice, essentially objective in their rendering--and upon the absence of any traditional "beautiful words"
which might blur this direct unvarnished impact of the poet"s immediate vision.
It might be maintained with some plausibility that Verlaine"s poetry takes its place in the "impressionistic" period, side by side with "impressionistic" work in the plastic arts, and that for this reason it is quite natural that the more modern poets, whose artistic contemporaries belong to the "post-impressionistic" school, should deviate from him in many essential ways. Personally I am extremely unwilling to permit Verlaine to be taken possession of by any modern tendency or made the war-cry of any modern camp.
Though by reason of his original genius he has become a potent creative spirit influencing all intelligent people who care about poetry at all, yet, while thus inspiring a whole generation--perhaps, considering the youth of many of our poetic contemporaries, we might say _two_ generations--he belongs almost as deeply to certain great eras of the past. In several aspects of his temperament he carries us back to Francois Villon, and his own pa.s.sionate heart is forever reverting to the Middle Ages as the true golden age of the spirit he represented.
He thus sweeps aside with a gesture the great seventeenth century so much admired by Nietzsche.
Non. Il fut gallican, ce siecle, et janseniste!
C"est vers le Moyen Age enorme et delicat, Qu"il faudrait que mon coeur en panne naviguat, Loin de nos jours d"esprit charnel et de chair triste.
But whatever may have been the spirit which animated Verlaine, the fact remains that when one takes up once more this "Choix de Poesies," "avec un portrait de l"auteur par Eugene Carriere," and glances, in pa.s.sing, at that suggestive _cinquante-septieme mille_ indicating how many others besides ourselves have, in the midst of earthquakes and terrors, a.s.suaged their thirst at this pure fount, one recognises once more that the thing that we miss in this modern welter of poetising is simply _music_--music, the first and last necessity, music, the only authentic seal of the eternal Muses.
Directly any theory of poetry puts the chief stress upon anything except music--whether it be the intellectual content of the verses or their image-creating vision or their colour or their tone--one has a right to grow suspicious.
The more subtly penetrated such music is by the magic of the poet"s personality, the richer it is in deep intimations of universal human feeling, the greater will be its appeal. But the music must be there; and since the thing to which it forever appeals is the unchanging human sensibility, there must be certain eternal laws of rhythm which no original experiments can afford to break without losing the immortal touch.
This is all that lovers of poetry need contend for as against these quaint and interesting modern theories. Let them prove their theories!
Let them thrill us in the old authentic manner by their "free verse"
and we will acknowledge them as true descendants of Catullus and Keats, of Villon and Verlaine!
But they must remember that the art of poetry is the art of heightening words by the magic of music. Colour, suggestion, philosophy, revelation, interpretation, realism, impressionism--all these qualities come and go as the fashion of our taste changes. One thing alone remains, as the essential and undying spirit of all true poetry; that it should have that "concord of sweet sounds"--let us say, rather, that concord of high, delicate, rare sounds--which melts us and enthralls us and liberates us, whatever the subject and whatever the manner or the method! Verse which is cramped and harsh and unmelodious may have its place in human history; it may have its place in human soothsaying and human interest; it has no place or lot in poetry. Individual phrases may have their magic; individual words may have their colour; individual thoughts may have their truth; individual sentences their n.o.ble rhetoric;--all this is well and right and full of profound interest. But all this is only the material, the atmosphere, the medium, the instrument. If the final result does not touch us, does not move us, does not rouse us, does not quiet us, as _music_ to our ears and our souls--it may be the voice of the prophet; it may be the voice of the charmer; it is not the voice of the immortal G.o.d.
Verlaine uses the term _nuance_ in his "ars poetica" to express the evasive quality in poetry which appeals to him most and of which he himself is certainly one of the most delicate exponents; but remembering the power over us of certain sublime simplicities, remembering the power over us of certain great plangent lines in Dante and Milton, where there is no "nuance" at all, one hesitates to make this a dogmatic doctrine.
But in what he says of music he is supremely right, and it is for the sake of his pa.s.sionate authority on this matter--the authority of one who is certainly no formal traditionalist--that I am led to quote certain lines.
They occur in "Jadis et Naguere" and are placed, appropriately enough, in the centre of the volume of Selections which I have now before me.
De la musique avant toute chose, Et pour cela prefere l"Impair Plus vague et plus soluble dans l"air, Sans rien en lui qui pese ou qui pose.
Il faut aussi que tu n"ailles point Choisir tes mots sans quelque meprise: Rien de plus cher que la chanson grise Ou l"Indecis au Precis se joint.
Car nous voulons la Nuance encor, Pas la Couleur, rien que la nuance!