"Well-fed, well-clothed, well-friended, I Did that chance act of good, that one!
Then went my way to kill and lie-- Forgot my good as soon as done.
"That germ of kindness, in the womb Of mercy caught, did not expire; Outlives my guilt, outlives my doom, And friends me in this pit of fire.
"Once every year, when carols wake On earth the Christmas-night"s repose, Arising from the sinner"s lake, I journey to these healing snows.
"I stanch with ice my burning breast, With silence balm my whirling brain; O Brandan! to this hour of rest That Joppan leper"s ease was pain."
Tears started to Saint Brandan"s eyes; He bow"d his head, he breathed a prayer-- Then look"d, and lo, the frosty skies!
The iceberg, and no Judas there!
The island of St. Brandan"s was sometimes supposed to lie in the Northern Atlantic, sometimes farther south. It often appears as the Fortunate Isle or Islands, "Insulae Fortunatae" or "Beatae."
On some early maps (1306 to 1471) there is an inlet on the western coast of Ireland called "Lacus Fortunatus," which is filled with Fortunate Islands to the number of 358 (Humboldt, "Examen," II. p. 159), and in one map of 1471 both these and the supposed St. Brandan"s group appear in different parts of the ocean under the same name. When the Canary Islands were discovered, they were supposed to be identical with St. Brandan"s, but the latter was afterwards supposed to lie southeast of them. After the discovery of the Azores various expeditions were sent to search for St.
Brandan"s until about 1721. It was last reported as seen in 1759. A full bibliography will be found in Winsor"s "Narrative and Critical History,"
I. p. 48, and also in Humboldt"s "Examen," II. p. 163, and early maps containing St. Brandan"s will be found in Winsor (I. pp. 54, 58). The first of these is Pizigani"s (1387), containing "Ysolae dictae Fortunatae," and the other that of Ortelius (1587), containing "S.
Brandain."
XIII. HY-BRASAIL
"The people of Aran, with characteristic enthusiasm, fancy, that at certain periods, they see Hy-Brasail, elevated far to the west in their watery horizon. This has been the universal tradition of the ancient Irish, who supposed that a great part of Ireland had been swallowed by the sea, and that the sunken part often rose and was seen hanging in the horizon: such was the popular notion. The Hy-Brasail of the Irish is evidently a part of the Atlantis of Plato; who, in his "Timaeus," says that that island was totally swallowed up by a prodigious earthquake."
(O"Flaherty"s "Discourse on the History and Antiquities of the Southern Islands of Aran, lying off the West Coast of Ireland," 1824, p. 139.)
The name appeared first (1351) on the chart called the Medicean Portulana, applied to an island off the Azores. In Pizigani"s map (1367) there appear three islands of this name, two off the Azores and one off Ireland. From this time the name appears constantly in maps, and in 1480 a man named John Jay went out to discover the island on July 14, and returned unsuccessful on September 18. He called it Barsyle or Brasylle; and Pedro d"Ayalo, the Spanish Amba.s.sador, says that such voyages were made for seven years "according to the fancies of the Genoese, meaning Sebastian Cabot." Humboldt thinks that the wood called Brazil-wood was supposed to have come from it, as it was known before the South American Brazil was discovered.
A ma.n.u.script history of Ireland, written about 1636, in the Library of the Royal Irish Academy, says that Hy-Brasail was discovered by a Captain Rich, who saw its harbor but could never reach it. It is mentioned by Jeremy Taylor ("Dissuasives from Popery," 1667), and the present narrative is founded partly on an imaginary one, printed in a pamphlet in London, 1675, and reprinted in Hardiman"s "Irish Minstrelsy" (1831), II. p. 369.
The French Geographer Royal, M. Ta.s.sin, thinks that the island may have been identical with Porcupine Bank, once above water. In Jeffrey"s atlas (1776) it appears as "the imaginary island of O"Brasil." "Brazil Rock"
appears on a chart of Purdy, 1834 (Humboldt"s "Examen Critique," II. p.
163). Two rocks always a.s.sociated with it, Mayda and Green Rock, appear on an atlas issued in 1866. See bibliography in Winsor"s "Narrative and Critical History," I. p. 49, where there are a number of maps depicting it (I. pp. 54-57). The name of the island is derived by Celtic scholars from _breas_, large, and _i_, island; or, according to O"Brien"s "Irish Dictionary," its other form of O"Brasile means a large imaginary island (Hardiman"s "Irish Minstrelsy," I. p. 369). There are several families named Brazil in County Waterford, Ireland ("Transactions of the Ossianic Society, Dublin," 1854, I. p. 81). The following poem about the island, by Gerald Griffin, will be found in Sparling"s "Irish Minstrelsy"
(1888), p. 427:--
HY-BRASAIL, THE ISLE OF THE BLEST
On the ocean that hollows the rocks where ye dwell A shadowy land has appeared, as they tell; Men thought it a region of sunshine and rest, And they called it Hy-Brasail, the isle of the blest.
From year unto year on the ocean"s blue rim, The beautiful spectre showed lovely and dim; The golden clouds curtained the deep where it lay, And it looked like an Eden away, far away!
A peasant who heard of the wonderful tale, In the breeze of the Orient loosened his sail; From Ara, the holy, he turned to the west, For though Ara was holy, Hy-Brasail was blest.
He heard not the voices that called from the sh.o.r.e-- He heard not the rising wind"s menacing roar; Home, kindred, and safety he left on that day, And he sped to Hy-Brasail, away, far away!
Morn rose on the deep, and that shadowy isle, O"er the faint rim of distance, reflected its smile; Noon burned on the wave, and that shadowy sh.o.r.e Seemed lovelily distant, and faint as before; Lone evening came down on the wanderer"s track, And to Ara again he looked timidly back; O far on the verge of the ocean it lay, Yet the isle of the blest was away, far away!
Rash dreamer, return! O ye winds of the main, Bear him back to his own peaceful Ara again, Rash fool! for a vision of fanciful bliss, To barter thy calm life of labor and peace.
The warning of reason was spoken in vain; He never revisited Ara again!
Night fell on the deep, amidst tempest and spray, And he died on the waters, away, far away!
XIV. ISLAND OF SATAN"S HAND
The early part of this narrative is founded on Professor O"Curry"s Lectures on the ma.n.u.script materials of Irish history; it being another of those "Imrama" or narratives of ocean expeditions to which the tale of St.
Brandan belongs. The original narrative lands the three brothers ultimately in Spain, and it is a curious fact that most of what we know of the island of Satanaxio or Satanajio--which remained so long on the maps-- is taken from an Italian narrative of three other brothers, cited by Formaleoni, "Il Pellegrinaccio di tre giovanni," by Christoforo Armeno (Gaffarel, "Les Iles Fantastiques," p. 91). The coincidence is so peculiar that it offered an irresistible temptation to link the two trios of brothers into one narrative and let the original voyagers do the work of exploration. The explanation given by Gaffarel to the tale is the same that I have suggested as possible. He says in "Iles Fantastiques de l"Atlantaque" (p. 12), "S"il nous etait permis d"aventurer une hypothese, nous croirions voluntiers que les navigateurs de l"epoque rencontrerent, en s"aventurant dans l"Atlantique, quelques-uns de ces gigantesques icebergs, ou montagnes de glace, arraches aux banquises du pole nord, et entraines au sud par les courants, dont la rencontre, a.s.sez frequente, est, meme aujourd"hui, tellement redoutee par les capitaines. Ces icebergs, quand ils se heurtent contre un navire, le coulent a pic; et comme ils arrivent a l"improviste, escortes par d"epais brouillards, ils paraissent reellement sortir du sein des flots, comme sortait la main de Satan, pour precipiter au fond de l"abime matelots et navires." As to the name itself there has been much discussion. On the map of Bianco (1436)-- reproduced in Winsor, I. p. 54--the name "Ya de Lamansatanaxio" distinctly appears, and this was translated by both Formaleoni and Humboldt as meaning "the Island of the Hand of Satan." D"Avezac was the first to suggest that the reference was to two separate islands, the one named "De la Man" or "Danman," and the other "Satanaxio." He further suggests-- followed by Gaffarel--that the name of the island may originally have been San Atanagio, thus making its baptism a tribute to St. Athanasius instead of to Satan. This would certainly have been a curious transformation, and almost as unexpected in its way as the original conversion of the sinful brothers from outlaws to missionaries.
XV. ANTILLIA
The name Antillia appears first, but not very clearly, on the Pizigani map of 1367; then clearly on a map of 1424, preserved at Weimar, on that of Bianco in 1436, and on the globe of Beheim in 1492, which adds in an inscription the story of the Seven Bishops. On some maps of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries there appears near it a smaller island under the name of Sette Cidade, or Sete Ciudades, which is properly another name for the same island. Toscanelli, in his famous letter to Columbus, recommended Antillia as a good way-station for his voyage to India. The island is said by tradition to have been re-discovered by a Portuguese sailor in 1447.
Tradition says that this sailor went hastily to the court of Portugal to announce the discovery, but was blamed for not having remained longer, and so fled. It was supposed to be "a large, rectangular island extending from north to south, lying in the mid Atlantic about lat. 35 N." An ample bibliography will be found in Winsor"s "Narrative and Critical History,"
I. p. 48, with maps containing Antillia, I. pp. 54 (Pizigani"s), 56, 58.
After the discovery of America, Peter Martyr states (in 1493) that Hispaniola and the adjacent islands were "Antillae insulae," meaning that they were identical with the group surrounding the fabled Antillia (Winsor"s "Narrative and Critical History," I. p. 49); and Schoner, in the dedicatory letter of his globe of 1523, says that the king of Castile, through Columbus, has discovered _Antiglias Hispaniam Cubam quoque_.
It was thus that the name Antilles came to be applied to the islands discovered by Columbus; just as the name Brazil was transferred from an imaginary island to the new continent, and the name Seven Cities was applied to the pueblos of New Mexico by those who discovered them. (See J.
H. Simpson, "Coronado"s March in Search of the Seven Cities of Cibola,"
Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, 1869, pp. 209-340.)
The sailor who re-discovered them said that the chief desire of the people was to know whether the Moors still held Spain (Gaffarel, "Iles Fantastiques," p. 3). In a copy of "Ptolemy" addressed to Pope Urban VI.
about 1380, before the alleged visit of the Portuguese, it was stated of the people at Antillia that they lived in a Christian manner, and were most prosperous, "Hie populus christianissime vivit, omnibus divitiis seculi hujus plenus" (D"Avezac, "Nouvelles Annales des voyages," 1845, II.
p. 55).
It was afterwards held by some that the island of Antillia was identical with St. Michael in the Azores, where a certain cl.u.s.ter of stone huts still bears the name of Seven Cities, and the same name is a.s.sociated with a small lake by which they stand. (Humboldt"s "Examen Critique," Paris, 1837, II. p. 203; Gaffarel, "Iles Fantastiques," p. 3.)
XVI. HARALD THE VIKING
The tales of the Norse explorations of America are now accessible in many forms, the most convenient of these being in the edition of E. L. Slafter, published by the Prince Society. As to the habits of the Vikings, the most accessible authorities are "The Age of the Vikings," by Du Chaillu, and "The Sea Kings of Norway," by Laing. The writings of the late Professor E.
N. Horsford are well known, but his opinions are not yet generally accepted by students. His last work, "Leif"s House in Vineland," with his daughter"s supplementary essay on "Graves of the Northmen," is probably the most interesting of the series (Boston, 1893). In Longfellow"s "Saga of King Olaf" (II.), included in "Tales of a Wayside Inn," there is a description of the athletic sports practised by the Vikings, which are moreover described with the greatest minuteness by Du Chaillu.
XVII. NORUMBEGA
The narrative of Champlain"s effort to find Norumbega in 1632 may be found in Otis"s "Voyages of Champlain" (II. p. 38), and there is another version in the _Magazine of American History_ (I. p. 321). The whole legend of the city is well a.n.a.lyzed in the same magazine (I. p. 14) by Dr.
De Costa under the t.i.tle "The Lost City of New England." In another volume he recurs to the subject (IX. p. 168), and gives (IX. p. 200) a printed copy of David Ingram"s narrative, from the original in the Bodleian Library. He also discusses the subject in Winsor"s "Narrative and Critical History" (IV. p. 77, etc.), where he points out that "the insular character of the Norumbega region is not purely imaginary, but is based on the fact that the Pen.o.bscot region affords a continued watercourse to the St. Lawrence, which was travelled by the Maine Indians." Ramusio"s map of 1559 represents "Nurumbega" as a large island, well defined (Winsor, IV.
p. 91); and so does that of Ruscelli (Winsor, IV. p. 92), the latter spelling it "Nurumberg." Some geographers supposed it to extend as far as Florida. The name was also given to a river (probably the Pen.o.bscot) and to a cape. The following is Longfellow"s poem on the voyage of Sir Humphrey Gilbert:--
SIR HUMPHREY GILBERT
Southward with fleet of ice Sailed the corsair Death; Wild and fast blew the blast, And the east-wind was his breath.
His lordly ships of ice Glisten in the sun;
On each side, like pennons wide, Flashing crystal streamlets run.
His sails of white sea-mist Dripped with silver rain; But where he pa.s.sed there were cast Leaden shadows o"er the main.
Eastward from Campobello Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed; Three days or more seaward he bore, Then, alas! the land-wind failed.
Alas! the land-wind failed, And ice-cold grew the night; And nevermore, on sea or sh.o.r.e, Should Sir Humphrey see the light.
He sat upon the deck, The Book was in his hand; "Do not fear! Heaven is as near,"
He said, "by water as by land!"