The explanation of the fact is, as shall be shown below, that Frey, on account of a pa.s.sion of which he is the victim (probably through sorcery), was driven to marry the giant maid Gerd, whose kin in that way became friends of the Vans. Frey is obliged to demand satisfaction for a murder perpetrated on a kinswoman of his wife. The kinship of blood demands its sacred right, and according to Teutonic ideas of law, the Vans must act as they do regardless of the moral character of Gulveig.
35.
GULVEIG-HEIDR. HER IDENt.i.tY WITH AURBODA, ANGRBODA, HYRROKIN. THE MYTH CONCERNING THE SWORD GUARDIAN AND FJALAR.
The duty of the Vana-deities becomes even more plain, if it can be shown that Gulveig-Heid is Gerd"s mother; for Frey, supported by the Vana-G.o.ds, then demands satisfaction for the murder of his own mother-in-law. Gerd"s mother is, in Hyndluljod, 30, called Aurboda, and is the wife of the giant Gymer:
Freyr atti Gerdi, Hon vor Gymis dottir, iotna aettar ok Aurbodu.
It can, in fact, be demonstrated that Aurboda is identical with Gulveig-Heid. The evidence is given below in two divisions. (a) Evidence that Gulveig-Heid is identical with Angerboda, "the ancient one in the Ironwood;" (b) evidence that Gulveig-Heid-Angerboda is identical with Aurboda, Gerd"s mother.
(a) Gulveid-Heid identical with Angerboda.
Hyndluljod, 40, 41, says:
Ol ulf Loki vid Angrbodu, (enn Sleipni gat vid Svadilfara); eitt thotti skars allra feiknazst that var brodur fra Byleistz komit.
Loki af hiarta lindi brendu, fann hann haalfsuidinn hugstein konu; vard Loptr kvidugr af konu illri; thadan er aa folldu flagd hvert komit.
From the account we see that an evil female being (_ill kona_) had been burnt, but that the flames were not able to destroy the seed of life in her nature. Her heart had not been burnt through or changed to ashes. It was only half-burnt (_halfsvidinn hugsteinn_), and in this condition it had together with the other remains of the cremated woman been thrown away, for Loke finds and swallows the heart.
Our ancestors looked upon the heart as the seat of the life principle, of the soul of living beings. A number of linguistic phrases are founded on the idea that goodness and evil, kindness and severity, courage and cowardice, joy and sorrow, are connected with the character of the heart; sometimes we find _hjarta_ used entirely in the sense of soul, as in the expression _hold ok hjarta_, soul and body. So long as the heart in a dead body had not gone into decay, it was believed that the principle of life dwelling therein still was able, under peculiar circ.u.mstances, to operate on the limbs and exercise an influence on its environment, particularly if the dead person in life had been endowed with a will at once evil and powerful. In such cases it was regarded as important to pierce the heart of the dead with a pointed spear (cp.
Saxo, _Hist._, 43, and No. 95).
The half-burnt heart, accordingly, contains the evil woman"s soul, and its influence upon Loke, after he has swallowed it, is most remarkable.
Once before when he bore Sleipner with the giant horse Svadilfare, Loke had revealed his androgynous nature. So he does now. The swallowed heart redeveloped the feminine in him (_Loki lindi af brendu hjarta_). It fertilised him with the evil purposes which the heart contained. Loke became the possessor of the evil woman (_kvidugr af konu illri_), and became the father of the children from which the trolls (_flagd_) are come which are found in the world. First among the children is mentioned the wolf, which is called _Fenrir_, and which in Ragnarok shall cause the death of the Asa-father. To this event point Njord"s words about Loke, in Lokasenna, str. 33: _a.s.s ragr er hefir born of borit_. The woman possessing the half-burnt heart, who is the mother or rather the father of the wolf, is called Angerboda (_ol ulf Loki vid Angrbodu_). N.
M. Peterson and other mythologists have rightly seen that she is the same as "the old one," who in historical times and until Ragnarok dwells in the Ironwood, and "there fosters Fenrer"s kinsmen" (Voluspa, 39), her own offspring, which at the close of this period are to issue from the Ironwood, and break into Midgard and dye its citadels with blood (Voluspa, 30).
The fact that Angerboda now dwells in the Ironwood, although there on a former occasion did not remain more of her than a half-burnt heart, proves that the attempt to destroy her with fire was unsuccessful, and that she arose again in bodily form after this cremation, and became the mother and nourisher of were-wolves. Thus the myth about Angerboda is identical with the myth about Gulveig-Heid in the two characteristic points:
Unsuccessful burning of an evil woman.
Her regeneration after the cremation.
These points apply equally to Gulveig-Heid and to Angerboda, "the old one in the Ironwood."
The myth about Gulveig-Heid-Angerboda, as it was remembered in the first period after the introduction of Christianity, we find in part recapitulated in Helgakvida Hundingsbane, i. 37-40, where Sinfjotle compares his opponent Gudmund with the evil female principle in the heathen mythology, the vala in question, and where Gudmund in return compares Sinfjotle with its evil masculine principle, Loke.
Sinfjotle says:
Thu vart vaulva i Varinseyio, scollvis kona bartu scrauc saman;
Thu vart, en scetha, sca.s.s valkyria, autul, amatlig at Alfaudar; mundo einherjar allir beriaz, svevis kona, um sakar thinar.
Nio attu vith a neri Sagu ulfa alna ec var einn fathir theirra.
Gudmund"s answer begins:
Fadir varattu fenrisulfa....
The evil woman with whom one of the two heroes compares the other is said to be a vala, who has practised her art partly on Varin"s Isle partly in Asgard at Alfather"s, and there she was the cause of a war in which all the warriors of Asgard took part. This refers to the war between the Asas and Vans. It is the second feud among the powers of Asgard.
The vala must therefore be Gulveig-Heid of the myth, on whose account the war between the Asas and Vans broke out, according to Voluspa. Now it is said of her in the lines above quoted, that she gave birth to wolves, and that these wolves were "fenrisulfar." Of Angerboda we already know that she is the mother of the real Fenris-wolf, and that she, in the Ironwood, produces other wolves which are called by Fenrer"s name (_Fenris kindir_--Voluspa). Thus the ident.i.ty of Gulveig-Heid and Angerboda is still further established by the fact that both the one and the other is called the mother of the Fenris family.
The pa.s.sage quoted is not the only one which has preserved the memory of Gulveig-Heid as mother of the were-wolves. Volsungasaga (c. ii. 8) relates that a giantess, _Hrimnir"s_ daughter, first dwelt in Asgard as the maid-servant of Frigg, then on earth, and that she, during her sojourn on earth, became the wife of a king, and with him the mother and grandmother of were-wolves, who infested the woods and murdered men. The fantastic and horrible saga about these were-wolves has, in Christian times and by Christian authors been connected with the poems about Helge Hundingsbane and Sigurd Fafnersbane. The circ.u.mstance that the giantess in question first dwelt in Asgard and thereupon in Midgard, indicates that she is identical with Gulveig-Heid, and this ident.i.ty is confirmed by the statement that she is a daughter of the giant _Hrimnir_.
The myth, as it has come down to our days, knows only one daughter of this giant, and she is the same as Gulveig-Heid. Hyndluljod states that _Heidr_ is _Hrimnir"s_ daughter, and mentions no sister of hers, but, on the other hand, a brother _Hrossthiofr_ (_Heidr ok Hrorsthiofr Hrimnis kindar_--Hyndl., 30). In allusion to the cremation of Gulveig-Heid fire is called in Thorsdrapa _Hrimnis drosar lyptisylgr_, "the lifting drink of Hrimner"s daughter," the drink which Heid lifted up on spears had to drink. Nowhere is any other daughter of Hrimner mentioned. And while it is stated in the above-cited strophe that the giantess who caused the war in Asgard and became the mother of fenris-wolves was a vala on Varin"s Isle (_vaulva i Varinseyio_), a comparison of Helgakv. Hund., i.
26, with Volsungasaga, c. 2, shows that Varin"s Isle and Varin"s Fjord were located in that very country, where Hrimner"s daughter was supposed to have been for some time the wife of a king and to have given birth to were-wolves.
Thus we have found that the three characteristic points--
unsuccessful cremation of an evil giantess, her regeneration after the cremation, the same woman as mother of the Fenrer race--
are common to Gulveig-Heid and Angerboda.
Their ident.i.ty is apparent from various other circ.u.mstances, but may be regarded as completely demonstrated by the proofs given. Gulveig"s activity in antiquity as the founder of the diabolical magic art, as one who awakens man"s evil pa.s.sions and produces strife in Asgard itself, has its complement in Angerboda"s activity as the mother and nourisher of that cla.s.s of beings in whose members witchcraft, thirst for blood, and hatred of the G.o.ds are personified. The activity of the evil principle has, in the great epic of the myth, formed a continuity spanning all ages, and this continuous thread of evil is twisted from the treacherous deeds of Gulveig and Loke, the feminine and the masculine representatives of the evil principle. Both appear at the dawn of mankind: Loke has already at the beginning of time secured access to Alfather (Lokasenna, 9), and Gulveig deceives the sons of men already in the time of Heimdal"s son Borgar. Loke entices Idun from the secure grounds of Asgard, and treacherously delivers her to the powers of frost; Gulveig, as we shall see, plays Freyja into the hands of the giants. Loke plans enmity between the G.o.ds and the forces of nature, which hitherto had been friendly, and which have their personal representatives in Ivalde"s sons; Gulveig causes the war between the Asas and Vans. The interference of both is interrupted at the close of the mythic age, when Loke is chained, and Gulveig, in the guise of Angerboda, is an exile in the Ironwood. Before this they have for a time been blended, so to speak, into a single being, in which the feminine a.s.suming masculineness, and the masculine effeminated, bear to the world an offspring of foes to the G.o.ds and to creation. Both finally act their parts in the destruction of the world. Before that crisis comes Angerboda has fostered that host of "sons of world-ruin" which Loke is to lead to battle, and a magic sword which she has kept in the Ironwood is given to Surt, in whose hand it is to be the death of Frey, the lord of harvests (see Nos. 89, 98, 101, 103).
That the woman who in antiquity, in various guises, visited Asgard and Midgard was believed to have had her home in the Ironwood[18] of the East during the historical age down to Ragnarok is explained by what Saxo says--viz., that Odin, after his return and reconciliation with the Vans, banished the agents of the black art both from heaven and from earth. Here, too, the connection between Gulveig-Heid and Angerboda is manifest. The war between the Asas and Vans was caused by the burning of Gulveig by the former. After the reconciliation with the Asas this punishment cannot again be inflicted on the regenerated witch. The Asas must allow her to live to the end of time; but both the clans of G.o.ds agree that she must not show her face again in Asgard or Midgard. The myth concerning the banishment of the famous vala to the Ironwood, and of the Loke progeny which she there fosters, has been turned into history by Jordanes in his _De Goth. Origine_, ch. 24, where it is stated that a Gothic king compelled the suspected valas (_haliorunas_) found among his people to take their refuge to the deserts in the East beyond the Moeotian Marsh, where they mixed with the wood-sprites, and thus became the progenitors of the Huns. In this manner the Christian Goths got from their mythic traditions an explanation of the source of the eastern hosts of hors.e.m.e.n, whose ugly faces and barbarous manners seemed to them to prove an other than purely human origin. The vala Gulveig-Heid and her like become in Jordanes these _haliorunae_; Loke and the giants of the Ironwood become these wood-sprites; the Asa-G.o.d who caused the banishment becomes a king, son of Gandaricus Magnus (the great ruler of the Gandians, Odin), and Loke"s and Angerboda"s wonderful progeny become the Huns.
Stress should be laid on the fact that Jordanes and Saxo have in the same manner preserved the tradition that Odin and the Asas, after making peace and becoming reconciled with the Vans, do not apply the death-penalty and burning to Gulveid-Heid-Angerboda and her kith and kin, but, instead, sentence them to banishment from the domains of G.o.ds and men. That the tradition preserved in Saxo and Jordanes corresponded with the myth is proved by the fact that we there rediscover Gulveig-Heid-Angerboda with her offspring in the Ironwood, which was thought to be situated in the utmost East, far away from the human world, and that she remains there undisturbed until the destruction of the world. The reconciliation between the Asas and Vans has, as this conclusively shows, been based on an admission on the part of the Asas that the Vans had a right to find fault with and demand satisfaction for the murder of Gulveig-Heid. Thus the dispute which caused the war between Asas and Vans was at last decided to the advantage of the latter, while they on their part, after being satisfied, reinstate Odin in his dignity as universal ruler and father of the G.o.ds.
(b) Gulveig-Heid-Angerboda identical with Aurboda.
In the Ironwood dwells Angerboda, together with a giant, who is _gygjar hirdir_, the guardian and watcher of the giantess. He has charge of her remarkable herds, and also guards a sword brought to the Ironwood. This vocation has given him the epithet Egther (_Egtherr_--Voluspa), which means sword-guardian. Saxo speaks of him as Egtherus, an ally of Finns, skilled in magic, and a chief of Bjarmians, equally skilful in magic (cp. _Hist._, 248, 249, with Nos. 52, 53). Bjarmians and Finns are in Saxo made the heirs of the wicked inhabitants of Jotunheim. Vilkinasaga knows him by the name Etgeir, who watches over precious implements in Isung"s wood. Etgeir is a corruption of Egther, and Isung"s wood is a reminiscence of _Isarnvidr_, _Isarnho_, the Ironwood. In the Vilkinasaga he is the brother of Vidolf. According to Hyndluljod, all the valas of the myth come from Vidolf. As Gulveig-Heid-Angerboda is the chief of all valas, and the teacher of the arts practised by the valas this statement in Hyndluljod makes us think of her particularly; and as _Hrimnir"s_ daughter has been born and burnt several times, she may also have had several fathers. Among them, then, is Vidolf, whose character, as described by Saxo, fits well for such a daughter. He is a master in sorcery, and also skilful in the art of medicine. But the medical art he practises in such a manner that those who seek his help receive from him such remedies as do harm instead of good. Only by threats can he be made to do good with his art (_Hist._, 323, 324). The statement in Vilkinasaga compared with that in Hyndluljod seems therefore to point to a near kinship between Angerboda and her sword-guard. She appears to be the daughter of his brother.
In Voluspa"s description of the approach of Ragnarok, Egther Angerboda"s shepherd, is represented as sitting on a mound--like Aurboda"s shepherd in _Skirnisfor_--and playing a harp, happy over that which is to happen.
That the giant who is hostile to the G.o.ds, and who is the guardian of the strange herds, does not play an idyl on the strings of his harp does not need to be stated. He is visited by a being in the guise of the red c.o.c.k. The c.o.c.k, says Voluspa, is _Fjalarr_ (str. 44).
What the heathen records tell us about Fjalar is the following:[19]
(a) He is the same giant as the Younger Edda (i. 144 ff.) calls Utgard-Loke. The latter is a fire-giant, _Loge"s_, the fire"s ruler (Younger Edda, 152), the cause of earthquakes (Younger Edda, 144), and skilled in producing optical delusions. Fjalar"s ident.i.ty with Utgard-Loke is proved by Harbardsljod, str. 26, where Thor, on his way to Fjalar, meets with the same adventures as, according to the Younger Edda, he met with on his way to Utgard-Loke.
(b) He is the same giant as the one called Suttung. The giant from whom Odin robs the skaldic mead, and whose devoted daughter Gunlad he causes bitter sorrow, is called in Havamal sometimes Fjalar and sometimes Suttung (cp. strs. 13, 14, 104, 105).
(c) Fjalar is the son of the chief of the fire-giants, _Surtr_, and dwells in the subterranean dales of the latter. A full account of this in No. 89. Here it will suffice to point out that when Odin flies out of Fjalar"s dwelling with the skaldic mead, it is "from Surt"s deep dales"
that he "flying bears" the precious drink (_hinn er Surts or sokkdolum farmagnudr fljugandi bar_, a strophe by Eyvind, quoted in the Younger Edda, p. 242), and that this drink while it remained with Fjalar was "the drink of Surt"s race" (_Sylgr Surts aettar_, Fornms., iii. 3).
(d) Fjalar, with Froste, takes part in the attack of Thja.s.se"s kinsmen and the Skilfings from Svarin"s Mound against "the land of the clayey plains, to Jaravall" (Voluspa, 14, 15; see Nos. 28, 32). Thus he is allied with the powers of frost, who are foes of the G.o.ds, and who seek to conquer the Teutonic domain. The approach of the fimbul-winter was also attended by an earthquake (see Nos. 28, 81).
When, therefore, Voluspa makes Fjalar on his visit to the sword-guardian in the Ironwood appear in the guise of the red c.o.c.k, then this is in harmony with Fjalar"s nature as a fire-giant and as a son of Surt.
Sat thar a haugi oc slo haurpo gygjar hirthir gladr Egther.
Gol um hanom i galgvithi f.a.grraudr hani sa er Fjalar heitir (Volusp., 41).
The red c.o.c.k has from time immemorial been the symbol of fire as a destructive power.