Another gentleman, a white man, was arrested on the charge of being in the interest of the English Anti-Slavery party, and in a manner equally summary and illegal, was cast into prison, and confined there for one year.
From the foregoing statements we obtain the following comparative view of the past and present state of sentiment in Antigua.
Views and conduct of the planters previous to emanc.i.p.ation:
1st. They regarded the negroes as an inferior race, fit only for slaves.
2d. They regarded them as their rightful property.
3d. They took it for granted that negroes could never be made to work without the use of the whip; hence,
4th. They supposed that emanc.i.p.ation would annihilate sugar cultivation; and,
5th. That it would lead to bloodshed and general rebellion.
6th. Those therefore who favored it, were considered the "_enemies of their country_"--"TRAITORS"--and were accordingly persecuted in various ways, not excepting imprisonment in the common jail.
7th. So popular was slavery among the higher cla.s.ses, that its morality or justice could not be questioned by a missionary--an editor--or a _planter_ even, without endangering the safety of the individual.
8th. The anti-slavery people in England were considered detestable men, intermeddling with matters which they did not understand, and which at any rate did not concern them. They were accused of being influenced by selfish motives, and of designing to further their own interests by the ruin of the planters. They were denounced as _fanatics, incendiaries, knaves, religious enthusiasts_.
9th The abolition measures of the English Government were considered a gross outrage on the rights of private property, a violation their multiplied pledges of countenance and support, and a flagrant usurpation of power over the weak.
Views and conduct of the planters subsequent to emanc.i.p.ation:
1st. The negroes are r.e.t.a.r.ded as _men_--equals standing on the same footing as fellow-citizens.
2d. Slavery is considered a foolish, impolitic, and wicked system.
3d. Slaves are regarded as an _unsafe_ species of property, and to hold them disgraceful.
4th. The planters have become the _decided enemies_ of slavery. The worst thing they could say against the apprenticeship, was, that "it was only another name for _slavery_."
5th. The abolition of slavery is applauded by the planters as one of the most n.o.ble and magnanimous triumphs ever achieved by the British government.
6th. Distinguished abolitionists are spoken of in terms of respect and admiration. The English Anti-slavery Delegation[A] spent a fortnight in the island, and left it the same day we arrived. Wherever we went we heard of them as "the respectable gentlemen from England," "the worthy and intelligent members of the Society of Friends," &c. A distinguished agent of the English anti-slavery society now resides in St. John"s, and keeps a bookstore, well stocked with anti-slavery books and pamphlets.
The bust of GEORGE THOMPSON stands conspicuously upon the counter of the bookstore, looking forth upon the public street.
[Footnote A: Messrs. Sturge and Harvey.]
7th. The planters affirm that the abolition of slavery put an end to all danger from insurrection, rebellion, privy conspiracy, and sedition, on the part of the slaves.
8th. Emanc.i.p.ation is deemed an incalculable blessing, because it released the planters from an endless complication of responsibilities, perplexities, temptations and anxieties, and because it _emanc.i.p.ated them from the bondage of the whip_.
9th. _Slavery--emanc.i.p.ation--freedom_--are the universal topics of conversation in Antigua. Anti-slavery is the popular doctrine among all cla.s.ses. He is considered an enemy to his country who opposes the principles of liberty. The planters look with astonishment on the continuance of slavery in the United States, and express their strong belief that it must soon terminate here and throughout the world. They hailed the arrival of French and American visitors on tours of inquiry as a bright omen. In publishing our arrival, one of the St. John"s papers remarks, "We regard this as a pleasing indication that the American public have their eyes turned upon our experiment, with a view, we may hope, of ultimately following our excellent example." (!) All cla.s.ses showed the same readiness to aid us in what the Governor was pleased to call "the objects of our philanthropic mission."
Such are the views now entertained among the planters of Antigua. What a complete change[B]--and all in less than three years, and effected by the abolition of slavery and a trial of freedom! Most certainly, if the former views of the Antigua planters resemble those held by pro-slavery men in this country, their present sentiments are a _fac simile_ of those entertained by the immediate abolitionists.
[Footnote B: The following little story will further ill.u.s.trate the wonderful revolution which has taken place in the public sentiment of this colony. The facts here stated all occurred while we were in Antigua, and we procured them from a variety of authentic sources. They were indeed publicly known and talked of, and produced no little excitement throughout the island. Mr. Corbett was a respectable and intelligent planter residing on an estate near Johnson"s Point. Several months previous to the time of which we now speak, a few colored families (emanc.i.p.ated negroes) bought of a white man some small parcels of land lying adjacent to Mr. C."s estate. They planted their lands in provisions, and also built them houses thereon, and moved into them.
After they had become actively engaged in cultivating their provisions, Mr. Corbett laid claim to the lands, and ordered the negroes to leave them forthwith.
They of course refused to do so. Mr. C. then flew into a violent rage, and stormed and swore, and threatened to burn their houses down over their heads. The terrified negroes forsook their property and fled. Mr.
C. then ordered his negroes to tear down their huts and burn up the materials--which was accordingly done. He also turned in his cattle upon the provision grounds, and destroyed them. The negroes made a complaint against Mr. C., and he was arrested and committed to jail in St. John"s for trial on the charge of _arson_.
We heard of this circ.u.mstance on the day of Mr. C."s commitment, and we were told that it would probably go very hard with him on his trial, and that he would be very fortunate if he escaped the _gallows_ or _transportation_. A few days after this we were surprised to hear that Mr. C. had died in prison. Upon inquiry, we learned that he died literally from _rage and mortification_. His case defied the, skill and power of the physicians. They could detect the presence of no disease whatever, even on a minute post-mortem examination. They p.r.o.nounced it as their opinion that he had died from the violence of his pa.s.sions--excited by being imprisoned, together with his apprehensions of the fatal issue of the trial.
Not long before emanc.i.p.ation, Mr. Scotland was imprisoned for _befriending_ the negroes. After emanc.i.p.ation, Mr. Corbett was imprisoned for wronging them.
Mr. Corbett was a respectable planter, of good family and moved in the first circles in the island]
TWENTY-FIRST PROPOSITION.--Emanc.i.p.ation has been followed by a manifest diminution of "_prejudice against color_," and has opened the prospect off its speedy extirpation.
Some thirty years ago, the president of the island, Sir Edward Byam, issued an order forbidding the great bell in the cathedral of St. John"s being tolled at the funeral of a colored person; and directing a _smaller_ bell to be hung up in the same belfry, and used on such occasions. For twenty years this distinction was strictly maintained.
When a white person, however _vile_, was buried, the great bell was tolled; when a colored person, whatever his moral worth, intelligence, or station, was carried to his grave, the little bell was tinkled. It was not until the arrival of the present excellent Rector, that this "prejudice bell" was silenced. The Rev. Mr. c.o.x informed us that prejudice had greatly decreased since emanc.i.p.ation. It was very common for white and colored gentlemen to be seen walking arm in arm an the streets of St. John"s.
"Prejudice against color is fast disappearing. The colored people have themselves contributed to prolong this feeling, _by keeping aloof from the society of the whites_."--_James Howell, of T. Jarvis"s_.
How utterly at variance is this with the commonly received opinion, that the colored people are disposed to _thrust_ themselves into the society of the whites!
"_Prejudice against color_ exists in this community only to a limited extent, and that chiefly among those who could never bring themselves to believe that emanc.i.p.ation would really take place. Policy dictates to them the propriety of confining any expression of their feelings to those of the same opinions. Nothing is shown of this prejudice in their intercourse with the colored cla.s.s--it is "_kept behind the scenes_.""--_Ralph Higginbotham, U. S. Consul._
Mr. H. was not the only individual standing in "high places" who insinuated that the whites that still entertained prejudice were ashamed of it. His excellency the Governor intimated as much, by his repeated a.s.surances for himself and his compeers of the first circles, that there was no such feeling in the island as prejudice against _color_. The reasons for excluding the colored people from their society, he said, were wholly different from that. It was chiefly because of their _illegitimacy_, and also because they were not sufficiently refined, and because their _occupations_ were of an inferior kind, such as mechanical trades, small shop keeping, &c. Said he, "You would not wish to ask your tailor, or your shoemaker, to dine with you?" However, we were too unsophisticated to coincide in his Excellency"s notions of social propriety.
TWENTY-SECOND PROPOSITION.--The progress of the anti-slavery discussions in England did not cause the masters to treat their slaves worse, but on the contrary restrained them from outrage.
"The treatment of the slaves during the discussions in England, was manifestly milder than before."--_Dr. Daniell._
"The effect of the proceedings in parliament was to make the planters treat their slaves better. Milder laws were pa.s.sed by the a.s.sembly, and the general condition of the slave was greatly ameliorated."--_H.
Armstrong, Esq._
"The planters did not increase the rigor of their discipline because of the anti-slavery discussions; but as a general thing, were more lenient than formerly."--_S. Bourne. Esq._
"We pursued a much milder policy toward our slaves after the agitation began in England."--_Mr. Jas. Hawoil_.
"The planters did not treat their slaves worse on account of the discussions; but were more lenient and circ.u.mspect."--_Letter of Hon.
N. Nugent._
"There was far less cruelty exercised by the planters during the anti-slavery excitement in gland. They were always on their guard to escape the notice of the abolitionists. _They did not wish to have their names published abroad, and to be exposed as monsters of cruelty!_"--_David Cranstoun, Esq._
We have now completed our observations upon Antigua. It has been our single object in the foregoing account to give an accurate statement of the results of IMMEDIATE EMANc.i.p.aTION. We have not taken a single step beyond the limits of testimony, and we are persuaded that testimony materially conflicting with this, cannot be procured from respectable sources in Antigua. We now leave it to our readers to decide, whether emanc.i.p.ation in Antigua has been to all cla.s.ses in that island a _blessing_ or a _curse_.
We cannot pa.s.s from this part of our report without recording the kindness and hospitality which we everywhere experienced during our sojourn in Antigua. Whatever may have been our apprehensions of a cool reception from a community of ex-slaveholders, none of our forebodings were realized. It rarely Falls to the lot of strangers visiting a distant land, with none of the contingencies of birth, fortune, or fame, to herald their arrival, and without the imposing circ.u.mstance of a popular mission to recommend them, to meet with a warmer reception, or to enjoy a more hearty confidence, than that with which we were honored in the interesting island of Antigua. The very _object_ of our visit, humble, and even odious as it may appear in the eyes of many of our own countrymen, was our pa.s.sport to the consideration and attention of the higher cla.s.ses in that free colony. We hold in grateful remembrance the interest which all--not excepting those most deeply implicated in the late system of slavery--manifested in our investigations. To his excellency the Governor, to officers both civil and military, to legislators and judges, to proprietors and planters, to physicians, barristers, and merchants, to clergymen, missionaries, and teachers, we are indebted for their uniform readiness in furthering our objects, and for the ma.s.s of information with which they were pleased to furnish us.
To the free colored population, also, we are lasting debtors for their hearty co-operation and a.s.sistance. To the emanc.i.p.ated, we recognise our obligations as the friends of the slave, for their simple-hearted and reiterated a.s.surances that they should remember the oppressed of our land in their prayers to G.o.d. In the name of the multiplying hosts of freedom"s friends, and in behalf of the millions of speechless but grateful-hearted slaves, we render to our acquaintances of every cla.s.s in Antigua our warmest thanks for their cordial sympathy with the cause of emanc.i.p.ation in America. We left Antigua with regret. The natural advantages of that lovely island; its climate, situation, and scenery; the intelligence and hospitality of the higher orders, and the simplicity and sobriety of the poor; the prevalence of education, morality, and religion; its solemn Sabbaths and thronged sanctuaries; and above _all_, its rising inst.i.tutions of liberty--flourishing so vigorously,--conspire to make Antigua one of the fairest portions of the earth. Formerly it was in our eyes but a speck on the world"s map, and little had we checked if an earthquake had sunk, or the ocean had overwhelmed it; but now, the minute circ.u.mstances in its condition, or little incidents in its history, are to our minds invested with grave interest.
None, who are alive to the cause of religious freedom in the world, can be indifferent to the movements and destiny of this little colony.
Henceforth, Antigua is the morning star of our nation, and though it glimmers faintly through a lurid sky, yet we hail it, and catch at every ray as the token of a bright sun which may yet burst gloriously upon us.