_David Cranstoun, Esq._
Extract of a letter from a merchant of St. John"s who has resided in Antigua more than thirty years:
"There is no sense of personal danger arising from insurrections or conspiracies among the blacks. Serious apprehensions of this nature were formerly entertained; but they gradually died away _during the first year of freedom_."
We quote the following from a communication addressed to us by a gentleman of long experience in Antigua--now a merchant in St.
John"s--_James Scotland, Sen., Esq._
"Disturbances, insubordinations, and revelry, have greatly decreased since emanc.i.p.ation; and it is a remarkable fact, that on the day of abolition, which was observed with the solemnity and services of the Sabbath, not an instance of common insolence was experienced from any freed man."
"There is no feeling of insecurity. A stronger proof of this cannot be given than the dispensing, within five months after emanc.i.p.ation, with the Christmas guards, which had been regularly and uninterruptedly kept, for nearly one hundred years--during the whole time of slavery."
"The military has never been called out, but on one occasion, since the abolition, and that was when a certain planter, the most violent enemy of freedom, reported to the Governor that there were strong symptoms of insurrection among his negroes. The story was generally laughed at, and the reporter of it was quite ashamed of his weakness and fears."
"My former occupation, as editor of a newspaper, rendered it necessary for me to make incessant inquiries into the conduct as well as the treatment of the emanc.i.p.ated, and I have _never heard any instance of revenge_ for former injuries. The negroes have _quitted_ managers who were _harsh or cruel_ to them in their bondage, but they removed in a peaceable and orderly manner."
"Our negroes, and I presume other negroes too, are very little less sensible to the force of those motives which lead to the peace, order, and welfare of society, than any other set of people."
"The general conduct of the negroes has been worthy of much praise, especially considering the sudden transition from slavery to unrestricted freedom. Their demeanor is peaceable and orderly."
_Ralph Higinbothom, U. S. Consul._
As we mingled with the missionaries, both in town and country, they all bore witness to the security of their persons and families. They, equally with the planters, were surprised that we should make any inquiries about insurrections. A question on this subject generally excited a smile, a look of astonishment, or some exclamation, such as "_Insurrection_! my dear sirs, we do not think of such a thing;" or, "Rebellion indeed! why, what should they rebel for _now_, since they have got their liberty!"
Physicians informed us that they were in the habit of riding into the country at all hours of the night, and though they were constantly pa.s.sing negroes, both singly and in companies, they never had experienced any rudeness, nor even so much as an insolent word. They could go by night or day, into any part of the island where their professional duties called them, without the slightest sense of danger.
A residence of nine weeks in the island gave us no small opportunity of testing the reality of its boasted security. The hospitality of planters and missionaries, of which we have recorded so many instances in a previous part of this work, gave us free access to their houses in every part of the island. In many cases we were constrained to spend the night with them, and thus enjoyed, in the intimacies of the domestic circle, and in the unguarded moments of social intercourse, every opportunity of detecting any lurking fears of violence, if such there had been; but we saw no evidence of it, either in the arrangements of the houses or in the conduct of the inmates[A].
[Footnote A: In addition to the evidence derived from Antigua, we would mention the following fact:
A planter, who is also an attorney, informed us that on the neighboring little island of Barbuda, (which is leased from the English government by Sir Christopher Coddrington,) there are five hundred negroes and only _three white men_. The negroes are entirely free, yet the whites continue to live among them without any fear of having their throats cut. The island is cultivated in sugar.--Barbuda is under the government of Antigua, and accordingly the act of entire emanc.i.p.ation extended to that island.]
FIFTH PROPOSITION.--There has been no fear of house breaking, highway robberies, and like misdemeanors, since emanc.i.p.ation. Statements, similar to those adduced under the last head, from planters, and other gentlemen, might be introduced here; but as this proposition is so intimately involved in the foregoing, separate proof is not necessary.
The same causes which excite apprehensions of insurrection, produce fears of robberies and other acts of violence; so also the same state of society which establishes security of person, insures the safety of property. Both in town and country we heard gentlemen repeatedly speak of the slight fastenings to their houses. A mere lock, or bolt, was all that secured the outside doors, and they might be burst open with ease, by a single man. In some cases, as has already been intimated, the planters habitually neglect to fasten their doors--so strong is their confidence of safety. We were not a little struck with the remark of a gentleman in St. John"s. He said he had long been desirous to remove to England, his native country, and had slavery continued much longer in Antigua, he certainly should have gone; but _now_ the _security of property was so much greater in Antigua than it was in England_, that he thought it doubtful whether he should ever _venture_ to take his family thither.
SIXTH PROPOSITION.--Emanc.i.p.ation is regarded by all cla.s.ses as a great blessing to the island.
There is not a cla.s.s, or party, or sect, who do not esteem the abolition of slavery as a _special blessing to them_. The rich, because it relieved them of "property" which was fast becoming a disgrace, as it had always been a vexation and a tax, and because it has emanc.i.p.ated them from the terrors of insurrection, which kept them all their life time subject to bondage. The poor whites--because it lifted from off them the yoke of civil oppression. The free colored population--because it gave the death blow to the prejudice that crushed them, and opened the prospect of social, civil, and political equality with the whites.
The _slaves_--because it broke open their dungeon, led them out to liberty, and gave them, in one munificent donation, their wives, their children, their bodies, their souls--every thing!
The following extracts from the journals of the legislature, show the state of feeling existing shortly after emanc.i.p.ation. The first is dated October 30, 1834:
"The Speaker said, that he looked with exultation at the prospect before us. The hand of the Most High was evidently working for us. Could we regard the universal tranquillity, the respectful demeanor of the lower cla.s.ses, as less than an interposition of Providence? The agricultural and commercial prosperity of the island were absolutely on the advance; and for his part he would not hesitate to purchase estates to-morrow."
The following remark was made in the course of a speech by a member of the council, November 12, 1834:
"Colonel Brown stated, that since emanc.i.p.ation he had never been without a sufficient number of laborers, and he was certain he could obtain as many more to-morrow as he should wish."
The general confidence in the beneficial results of emanc.i.p.ation, has grown stronger with every succeeding year and month. It has been seen that freedom will bear trial; that it will endure, and continue to bring forth fruits of increasing value.
The Governor informed us that "it was _universally admitted_, that emanc.i.p.ation had been a great blessing to the island."
In a company of proprietors and planters, who met us on a certain occasion, among whom were lawyers, magistrates, and members of the council, and of the a.s.sembly, the sentiment was distinctly avowed, that emanc.i.p.ation was highly beneficial to the island, and there was not a dissenting opinion.
"Emanc.i.p.ation is working most admirably, especially for the planters. It is infinitely better policy than slavery or the apprenticeship either."
--_Dr. Ferguson_.
"Our planters find that freedom answers a far better purpose than slavery ever did. A gentleman, who is attorney for eight estates, a.s.sured me that there was no comparison between the benefits and advantages of the two systems."--_Archdeacon Parry_.
"All the planters in my neighborhood (St. Philip"s parish) are highly pleased with the operation of the new system."--_Rev. Mr. Jones, Rector of St. Philip"s_.
"I do not know of more than one or two planters in the whole island, who do not consider emanc.i.p.ation as a decided advantage to all parties."
--_Dr. Daniell_.
That emanc.i.p.ation should be universally regarded as a blessing, is remarkable, when we consider that combination of untoward circ.u.mstances which it has been called to encounter--a combination wholly unprecedented in the history of the island. In 1835, the first year of the new system, the colony was visited by one of the most desolating hurricanes which has occurred for many years. In the same year, cultivation was arrested, and the crops greatly reduced, by drought.
About the same time, the yellow fever prevailed with fearful mortality.
The next year the drought returned, and brooded in terror from March until January, and from January until June: not only blasting the harvest of "36, but extending its blight over the crops of "37.
Nothing could be better calculated to try the confidence in the new system. Yet we find all cla.s.ses zealously exonerating emanc.i.p.ation, and in despite of tornado, plague, and wasting, still affirming the blessings and advantages of freedom!
SEVENTH PROPOSITION.--_Free labor_ is decidedly LESS EXPENSIVE than _slave labor_. It costs the planter actually less to pay his free laborers daily wages, than it did to maintain his slaves. It will be observed in the testimony which follows, that there is some difference of opinion as to the _precise amount_ of reduction in the expenses, which is owing to the various modes of management on different estates, and more particularly, to the fact that some estates raise all their provisions, while others raise none. But as to the fact itself, there can scarcely be said to be any dispute among the planters. There was one cla.s.s of planters whose expenses seemed to be somewhat increased, viz.
those who raised all their provisions before emanc.i.p.ation, and ceased to raise any _after_ that event. But in the opinion of the most intelligent planters, even these did not really sustain any loss, for originally it was bad policy to raise provisions, since it engrossed that labor which would have been more profitably directed to the cultivation of sugar; and hence they would ultimately be gainers by the change.
S. Bourne, Esq. stated that the expenses on Millar"s estate, of which he is manager, had diminished about _one third_.
Mr. Barnard, of Green Castle, thought his expenses were about the same that they were formerly.
Mr. Favey, of Lavicount"s estate, enumerated, among the advantages of freedom over slavery, "the diminished expense."
Dr. Nugent also stated, that "the expenses of cultivation were greatly diminished."
Mr. Hatley, manager of Fry"s estate, said that the expenses on his estate had been greatly reduced since emanc.i.p.ation. He showed us the account of his expenditures for the last year of slavery, and the first full year of freedom, 1835. The expenses during the last year of slavery were 1371_l._ 2_s._ 4-1/2_d._; the expenses for 1835 were 821_l._ 16_s._ 7-1/2_d._: showing a reduction of more than one third.
D. Cranstoun, Esq., informed us that his weekly expenses during slavery, on the estate which he managed, were, on an average, 45_l._; the average expenses now do not exceed 20_l._
Extract of a letter from Hon. N. Nugent:
"The expenses of cultivating sugar estates have in no instance, I believe, been found _greater_ than before. As far as my experience goes, they are certainly less, particularly as regards those properties which were overhanded before, when proprietors were compelled to support more dependents than they required. In some cases, the present cost is less by _one third_. I have not time to furnish you with any detailed statements, but the elements of the calculation are simple enough."
It is not difficult to account for the diminution in the cost of cultivation. In the first place, for those estates that bought their provision previous to emanc.i.p.ation, it cost more money to purchase their stores than they now pay out in wages. This was especially true in dry seasons, when home provisions failed, and the island was mainly dependent upon foreign supplies.
But the chief source of the diminution lies in the reduced number of people to be supported by the planter. During slavery, the planter was required by law to maintain _all_ the slaves belonging to the estate; the superannuated, the infirm, the pregnant, the nurses, the young children, and the infants, as well as the working slaves. Now it is only the latter cla.s.s, the effective laborers, (with the addition of such as were superannuated or infirm at the period of emanc.i.p.ation,) who are dependent upon the planter. These are generally not more than one half, frequently less than a third, of the whole number of negroes resident on the estate; consequently a very considerable burthen has been removed from the planter.
The reader may form some estimate of the reduced expense to the planter, resulting from these causes combined, by considering the statement made to us by Hon. N. Nugent, and repeatedly by proprietors and managers, that had slavery been in existence during the present drought, many of the smaller estates _must have been inevitably ruined_; on account of the high price of imported provisions, (home provisions having fallen short) and the number of slaves to be fed.
EIGHTH PROPOSITION.--The negroes work _more cheerfully_, and _do their work better_ than they did during slavery. Wages are found to be an ample subst.i.tute for the lash--they never fail to secure the amount of labor desired. This is particularly true where task work is tried, which is done occasionally in cases of a pressing nature, when considerable effort is required. We heard of no complaints on the score of idleness, but on the contrary, the negroes were highly commended for the punctuality and cheerfulness with which they performed the work a.s.signed them.
The Governor stated, that "he was a.s.sured by planters, from every part of the island, that the negroes were very industriously disposed."