At first the fighting was mainly in those villages of Plymouth Colony which were nearest Narragansett Bay; then it spread to the valley of the Connecticut River and the neighborhood. Deerfield, Springfield, Brookfield,[4] Groton,[5] and many other places in Ma.s.sachusetts were attacked. The Indians would creep up stealthily in the night, burn the houses, carry off the women and children prisoners if they could, kill the rest of the inhabitants, take their scalps home and hang them up in their wigwams.
[Ill.u.s.tration: AN ATTACKING INDIAN.]
At Brookfield the settlers left their houses, and gathered in one strong house for defence. The Indians burned all the houses but that one, and did their best to burn that, too. They dipped rags in brimstone, such as we make matches of, fastened them to the points of their arrows, set fire to them, and then shot the blazing arrows into the shingles of the roof. When the Indians saw that the shingles had caught, and were beginning to flame up, they danced for joy, and roared like wild bulls. But the men in the house managed to put out the fire on the roof. Then the savages got a cart, filled it with hay, set it on fire, and pushed it up against the house. This time they thought that they should certainly burn the white people out; but just then a heavy shower came up, and put out the fire. A little later, some white soldiers marched into the village, and saved the people in the house.
[Footnote 3: Swansea (Swon"ze).]
[Footnote 4: See map in this paragraph.]
[Footnote 5: Groton (Graw"ton).]
91. The fight at Hadley; what Colonel[6] Goffe[7] did.--At Hadley, the people were in the meeting-house when the terrible Indian war-whoop[8] rang through the village. The savages drove back those who dared to go out against them, and it seemed as if the village must be destroyed. Suddenly a white-haired old man, sword in hand, appeared among the settlers. No one knew who he was; but he called to them to follow him, as a captain calls to his men, and they obeyed him. The astonished Indians turned and ran. When, after all was over, the whites looked for their brave leader, he had gone; they never saw him again. Many thought that he was an angel who had been sent to save them. But the angel was Colonel Goffe, an Englishman, who was one of the judges who had sentenced King Charles the First to death during a great war in England. He had escaped to America; and, luckily for the people of Hadley, he was hiding in the house of a friend in that village when the Indians attacked it.
[Ill.u.s.tration: INDIAN ATTACK ON A SETTLEMENT. The building on the right is a block-house, or fort made of hewn logs. These block-houses were built as places of refuge for the settlers, in case of an attack on the town by the Indians.]
[Footnote 6: Colonel (kur"nel): the chief officer of a regiment of soldiers.]
[Footnote 7: Goffe (Gof): and see List of Books at the end of this book.]
[Footnote 8: War-whoop (war-hoop): a very loud, shrill cry made by the Indians when engaged in war, or as a shout of alarm.]
92. How a woman drove off an Indian.--In this dreadful war with the savages there were times when even the women had to fight for their lives. In one case, a woman had been left in a house with two young children. She heard a noise at the window, and looking up, saw an Indian trying to raise the sash. Quick as thought, she clapped the two little children under two large bra.s.s kettles which stood near.
Then, seizing a shovel-full of red-hot coals from the open fire, she stood ready, and just as the Indian thrust his head into the room, she dashed the coals right into his face and eyes. With a yell of agony the Indian let go his hold, dropped to the ground as though he had been shot, and ran howling to the woods.
[Ill.u.s.tration: WOMAN THROWING COALS.]
93. The great swamp fight; burning the Indian wigwams; what the Chief Canonchet[9] said.--During the summer and autumn of 1675 the Indians on the west side of Narragansett Bay[10]took no open part in King Philip"s War. But the next winter the white people found that these Indians were secretly receiving and sheltering the savages who had been wounded in fighting for that noted chief. For that reason, the settlers determined to raise a large force and attack them. The Indians had gathered in a fort on an island in a swamp. This fort was a very difficult place to reach. It was built of the trunks of trees set upright in the ground. It was so strong that the savages felt quite safe.
Starting very early in the morning, the attacking party waded fifteen miles through deep snow. Many of them had their hands and feet badly frozen. One of the chief men in leading the attack was Captain Benjamin Church of Plymouth; he was a very brave soldier, and knew all about Indian life and Indian fighting. In the battle, he was struck by two bullets, and so badly wounded that he could not move a step further; but he made one of his men hold him up, and he shouted to his soldiers to go ahead. The fight was a desperate one, but at length the fort was taken. The attacking party lost more than two hundred and fifty men in killed and wounded; the Indians lost as many as a thousand.
After the battle was over, Captain Church begged the men not to burn the wigwams inside the fort, for there were a great number of old men and women and little Indian children in the wigwams. But the men were very mad against the savages, and would not listen to him. They set the wigwams on fire, and burned many of these poor creatures to death.
Canonchet, the chief of the tribe, was taken prisoner. The settlers told him they would spare his life if he would try to make peace.
"No," said he, "we will all fight to the last man rather than become slaves to the white men." He was then told that he must be shot. "I like it well," said he. "I wish to die before my heart becomes soft, or I say anything unworthy of myself."
[Footnote 9: Canonchet (Ka-non"chet).]
[Footnote 10: See map in paragraph 90.]
94. Philip"s wife and son are taken prisoners; Philip is shot; end of the war.--The next summer Captain Church, with a lot of "brisk Bridgewater lads" chased King Philip and his men, and took many of the Indians prisoners. Among those then taken captive were King Philip"s wife and his little boy. When Philip heard of it, he cried out, "My heart breaks; now I am ready to die." He had good reason for saying so. It was the custom in England to sell such prisoners of war as slaves. Following this custom, the settlers here took this boy, the grandson of that Ma.s.sasoit[11] who had helped them when they were poor and weak, and sold him with his mother. They were sent to the Bermuda Islands,[12] and there worked to death under the hot sun and the lash of the slave-driver"s whip.
Not long after that, King Philip himself was shot. He had been hunted like a wild beast from place to place. At last he had come back to see his old home at Mount Hope[13] once more. There Captain Church found him; there the Indian warrior was shot. His head and hands were cut off,--as was then done in England in such cases,--and his head was carried to Plymouth and set up on a pole. It stood there twenty years.
King Philip"s death brought the war to an end. It had lasted a little over a year; that is, from the early summer of 1675 to the latter part of the summer of 1676. In that short time the Indians had killed between five and six hundred white settlers, and had burned thirteen villages to ashes, besides partly burning a great many more. The war cost so much money that many people were made poor by it; but the strength of the Indians was broken, and they never dared to trouble the people of Southern New England again.
[Footnote 11: See paragraph 68.]
[Footnote 12: Bermuda (Ber-mu"dah): the Bermuda Islands are in the Atlantic, north of the West India Islands and east of South Carolina; they belong to Great Britain.]
[Footnote 13: See map in paragraph 84.]
95. Summary.--In 1675 King Philip began a great Indian war against the people of Southeastern New England. His object was to kill off the white settlers, and get back the land for the Indians. He did kill a large number, and he destroyed many villages, but in the end the white men gained the victory. Philip"s wife and child were sold as slaves, and he was shot. The Indians never attempted another war in this part of the country.
Who was Wamsutta? What happened to him? Who was "King Philip"? Why did he hate the white men? What did he say to himself? What is said about the "Praying Indians"? What happened to one of them? What was done with three of Philip"s men? Where and how did the war begin?
To what part of the country did it spread? Tell about the Indian attack on Brookfield. What happened at Hadley? Tell how a woman drove off an Indian. Tell all you can about the Great Swamp Fight. What is said about Canonchet? What is said of King Philip"s wife and son?
What happened to King Philip himself? What is said about the war?
WILLIAM PENN (1644-1718).
96. King Charles the Second gives William Penn a great piece of land, and names it Pennsylvania.--King Charles the Second of England owed a large sum of money to a young Englishman named William Penn. The king was fond of pleasure, and he spent so much money on himself and his friends that he had none left to pay his just debts. Penn knew this; so he told His Majesty that if he would give him a piece of wild land in America, he would ask nothing more.
[Ill.u.s.tration: WILLIAM PENN AT THE AGE OF 22.]
Charles was very glad to settle the account so easily. He therefore gave Penn a great territory[1] north of Maryland[2] and west of the Delaware River. This territory was nearly as large as England. The king named it Pennsylvania, a word which means Penn"s Woods. At that time the land was not thought to be worth much. No one then had discovered the fact that beneath Penn"s Woods there were immense mines of coal and iron, which would one day be of greater value than all the riches of the king of England.
[Footnote 1: Territory: any very large extent of land.]
[Footnote 2: See map in paragraph 97.]
97. William Penn"s religion; what he wanted to do with his American land.--Penn belonged to a religious society called the Society of Friends; to-day they are generally spoken of as Quakers. They are a people who try to find out what is right by asking their own hearts.
They believe in showing no more signs of respect to one man than to another, and at that time they would not take off their hats even to the king himself.
[Ill.u.s.tration: Map of eastern Pennsylvania and surroundings.]
Penn wanted the land which had been given him here as a place where the Friends or Quakers might go and settle. A little later the whole of what is now the state of New Jersey was bought by Penn and other Quakers for the same purpose. We have seen[3] that neither the Pilgrims nor the Catholics had any real peace in England. The Quakers suffered even more still; for oftentimes they were cruelly whipped, thrown into dark and dirty prisons where many died of the bad treatment they received. William Penn himself had been shut up in jail four times on account of his religion; and though he was no longer in such danger, because the king was his friend, yet he wanted to provide a safe place for others who were not so well off as he was.
[Footnote 3: See paragraphs 62 and 76.]
98. Penn sends out emigrants to Pennsylvania; he gets ready to go himself; his conversation with the king.--Penn accordingly sent out a number of people who were anxious to settle in Pennsylvania. The next year, 1682, he made ready to sail, himself with a hundred more emigrants. Just before he started, he called on the king in his palace in London. The king was fond of joking, and he said to him that he should never expect to see him again, for he thought that the Indians would be sure to catch such a good-looking young man as Penn was and eat him. "But, Friend Charles," said Penn, "I mean to buy the land of the Indians, so they will rather keep on good terms with me than eat me." "Buy their lands!" exclaimed the king. "Why, is not the whole of America mine?" "Certainly not," answered Penn. "What!" replied the king; "didn"t my people discover it?[4] and so haven"t I the right to it?" "Well, Friend Charles," said Penn, "suppose a canoe full of Indians should cross the sea and should discover England, would that make it theirs? Would you give up the country to them?" The king did not know what to say to this; it was a new way of looking at the matter.
He probably said to himself, These Quakers are a strange people; they seem to think that even American savages have rights which should be respected.
[Footnote 4: Referring to the discovery of the American continent by the Cabots, sent out by Henry the Seventh of England, see paragraph 22.]
99. Penn founds[5] the city of Philadelphia; his treaty[6] with the Indians; his visit to them; how the Indians and the Quakers got on together.--When William Penn reached America, in 1682, he sailed up the broad and beautiful Delaware River for nearly twenty miles. There he stopped, and resolved to build a city on its banks. He gave the place the Bible name of Philadelphia,[7] or the City of Brotherly Love, because he hoped that all of its citizens would live together like brothers. The streets were named from the trees then growing on the land, and so to-day many are still called Walnut, Pine, Cedar, Vine, and so on.