"That our soldiers, when in the hands of the rebels, are starved to death, cannot be denied. Every return of the flag-of-truce boat from City Point brings us too many living and dying witnesses to admit of a doubt of this terrible fact. I am informed that the authorities at Richmond admit the fact, but excuse it on the plea that they give the prisoners the same rations they give their own men. But can this be so? Can an army keep the field, and be active and efficient, on the same fare that kills prisoners of war at a frightful percentage? I think not; no man can believe it; and while a practice so shocking to humanity is persisted in by the rebel authorities, I would very respectfully urge that retaliatory measures be at once inst.i.tuted by subjecting the officers we now hold as prisoners of war to a similar treatment.
"I took advantage of the opportunity which this visit to Annapolis gave me to make a hasty inspection of Camp Parole, and I am happy to report that I found it in every branch in a most commendable condition. The men all seemed to be cheerful and in fine health, and the police inside and out was excellent. Colonel Root, the commanding officer, deserves much credit for the very satisfactory condition to which he has brought his command.
"I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
"W. HOFFMAN,
"_Colonel 3rd Infantry, Commissary General of Prisoners._
"HON. E. M. STANTON, _Secretary of War, Washington, D. C._"
This report does not refer to the treatment of the soldiers of the _Phalanx_ who were taken by the confederates in battle,[29] after the surrender of Fort Pillow, Lawrence and Plymouth, and at several other places. It is inserted to enable the reader to form an opinion as to what the negro soldier"s treatment must have been. The same committee also published as a part of their report, the testimony of a number,--mostly black, soldiers, who escaped death at Fort Pillow; a few of their statements are given:
38TH CONGRESS,} {REP. COM.
1st Session. } {No. 63 & 68.
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
_Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct and Expenditures of the War to whom was Referred the Resolution of Congress Instructing them to Investigate the late Ma.s.sacre at Fort Pillow._
"_Deposition of John Nelson in relation to the capture of Fort Pillow._
"John Nelson, being duly sworn, deposeth and saith:
""At the time of the attack on and capture of Fort Pillow, April 12, 1864, I kept a hotel within the lines at Fort Pillow, and a short distance from the works. Soon after the alarm was given that an attack on the fort was imminent, I entered the works and tendered my services to Major Booth, commanding. The attack began in the morning at about 5-1/2 o"clock, and about 1 o"clock P.M. a flag of truce approached. During the parley which ensued, and while the firing ceased on both sides, the rebels kept crowding up to the works on the side near Cold Creek, and also approached nearer on the south side, thereby gaining advantages pending the conference under the flag of truce. As soon as the flag of truce was withdrawn the attack began, and about five minutes after it began the rebels entered the fort. Our troops were soon overpowered, and broke and fled. A large number of the soldiers, black and white, and also a few citizens, myself among the number, rushed down the bluff toward the river. I concealed myself as well as I could in a position where I could distinctly see all that pa.s.sed below the bluff, for a considerable distance up and down the river.
""A large number, at least one hundred, were hemmed in near the river bank by bodies of the rebels coming from both north and south. Most all of those thus hemmed in were without arms. I saw many soldiers, both white and black, throw up their arms in token of surrender, and call out that they had surrendered. The rebels would reply, "G--d d--n you, why didn"t you surrender before?" and shot them down like dogs.
""The rebels commenced an indiscriminate slaughter. Many colored soldiers sprang into the river and tried to escape by swimming, but these were invariably shot dead.
""A short distance from me, and within view, a number of our wounded had been placed, and near where Major Booth"s body lay; and a small red flag indicated that at that place our wounded were placed. The rebels however, as they pa.s.sed these wounded men, fired right into them and struck them with the b.u.t.ts of their muskets. The cries for mercy and groans which arose from the poor fellows were heart-rending.
""Thinking that if I should be discovered, I would be killed, I emerged from my hiding place, and, approaching the nearest rebel, I told him I was a citizen. He said, "You are in bad company, G--d d--n you; out with your greenbacks, or I"ll shoot you." I gave him all the money I had, and under his convoy I went up into the fort again.
""When I re-entered the fort there was still some shooting going on. I heard a rebel officer tell a soldier not to kill any more of those negroes. He said that they would all be killed, any way, when they were tried.
""After I entered the fort, and after the United States flag had been taken down, the rebels held it up in their hands in the presence of their officers, and thus gave the rebels outside a chance to still continue their slaughter, and I did not notice that any rebel officer forbade the holding of it up. I also further state, to the best of my knowledge and information, that there were not less than three hundred and sixty negroes killed and two hundred whites. This I give to the best of my knowledge and belief.
"JOHN NELSON.
"Subscribed and sworn to before me this 2nd day of May, A. D. 1864.
"J. D. LLOYD,
"_Capt. 11th Inf., Mo. Vols., and a.s.s"t. Provost Mar., Dist. of Memphis._"
"Henry Christian, (colored), private, company B, 6th United States heavy artillery, sworn and examined. By Mr. Gooch:
"Question. Where were you raised? "Answer. In East Tennessee.
"Question. Have you been a slave? "Answer. Yes, sir.
"Question. Where did you enlist? "Answer. At Corinth, Mississippi.
"Question. Were you in the fight at Fort Pillow? "Answer.
Yes, sir.
"Question. When were you wounded? "Answer. A little before we surrendered.
"Question. What happened to you afterwards? "Answer.
Nothing; I got but one shot, and dug right out over the hill to the river, and never was bothered any more.
"Did you see any men shot after the place was taken?
"Answer. Yes, sir.
"Question. Where? "Answer. Down to the river.
"Question. How many? "Answer. A good many; I don"t know how many.
"Question. By whom were they shot? "Answer. By secesh soldiers; secesh officers shot some up on the hill.
"Question. Did you see those on the hill shot by the officers? "Answer. I saw two of them shot.
"Question. What officers were they? "Answer. I don"t know whether he was a lieutenant or captain.
"Question. Did the men who were shot after they had surrendered have arms in their hands? "Answer. No, sir; they threw down their arms.
"Question. Did you see any shot the next morning? "Answer. I saw two shot; one was shot by an officer--he was standing, holding the officer"s horse, and when the officer came and got his horse he shot him dead. The officer was setting fire to the houses.
"Question. Do you say the man was holding the officer"s horse, and when the officer came and took his horse he shot the man down? "Answer. Yes, sir; I saw that with my own eyes; and then I made away into the river, right off.
"Question. Did you see any buried? "Answer. Yes, sir; a great many, black and white.
"Question. Did you see any buried alive? "Answer. I did not see any buried alive.
"Jacob Thompson, (colored), sworn and examined. By Mr.
Gooch:
"Question. Were you a soldier at Fort Pillow? "Answer. No, sir, I was not a soldier; but I went up in the fort and fought with the rest. I was shot in the hand and the head.
"Question. When were you shot? "Answer. After I surrendered.
"Question. How many times were you shot? "Answer. I was shot but once; but I threw my hand up, and the shot went through my hand and my head.
"Question. Who shot you? "Answer. A private.
"Question. What did he say? "Answer. He said, "G--d d--n you, I will shoot you, old friend."