"All I want to make out of it," replied Charlie, "is just this--that the Democrats now _do_ sustain slavery, and how is this believing the Declaration of Independence, that "_all_ men are created equal?""
"I don"t care for the Democrats now," responded Nat. "I know what Jefferson believed, and I want to believe as he did. I am such a Democrat as he was, and if he was a Republican, then I am."
"I suppose, then," added Charlie, with a sly look, "that you would like the Declaration of Independence a little better if it read, "all men are created equal," _except n.i.g.g.e.rs_?"
"No, no; Jefferson believed it just as it was, and so do I. Whether men are white or black, rich or poor, high or low, they are equal; and that is what I like. He never defended slavery, I would have you know."
"I thought he did," added Charlie.
"I can show you that he did not," said Nat, taking up a volume from the table. "Now hear this;" and he proceeded to read the following, in which Jefferson is speaking of holding slaves:
""What an incomprehensible machine is man! who can endure toil, famine, stripes, imprisonment, and death itself, in vindication of his own liberty, and the next moment be deaf to all those motives whose power supported him through the trial, and inflict on his fellow men a bondage, one hour of which is fraught with more misery than ages of that which he rose in rebellion to oppose. But we must wait with patience the workings of an overruling Providence, and hope that that is preparing the deliverance of these our suffering brethren. When the measure of their tears shall be full--when their tears shall have involved heaven itself in darkness--doubtless a G.o.d of justice will awaken to their distress, and by diffusing a light and liberality among their oppressors, or, at length by his exterminating thunder, manifest his attention to things of this world, and that they are not left to the guidance of blind fatality.""
"That is strong against slavery, I declare," said Charlie. "I had always supposed that Jefferson was a defender of slavery."
"How plainly he says that there is more misery in "one hour" of slavery, than there is in "ages" of that which our fathers opposed in the Revolution," added Nat.
"And then he calls the slaves "_our suffering brethren_," and not "_n.i.g.g.e.rs_,"" said Charlie, with a genuine look of fun in his eye.
"I want to read you another pa.s.sage still, you are beginning to be so good a Democrat," said Nat.
"Don"t call _me_ a Democrat," answered Charlie, "for I don"t believe the Democrats generally carry out the principles of Jefferson."
"Republican, then," answered Nat quickly, "just what Jefferson called himself. You won"t object to that, will you?"
"Read on," said Charlie, without answering the last inquiry.
Nat read as follows:
""With what execration should the statesman be loaded, who, permitting one half the citizens thus to trample on the rights of the other, transforms those into despots, and these into enemies, destroys the morals of the one part, and the _amor patriae_ of the other. For if a slave can have a country in this world, it must be any other in preference to that in which he is born to live and labor for another, in which he must lock up the faculties of his nature, contribute as far as depends on his individual endeavors to the banishment of the human race, or entail his own miserable condition on the endless generations proceeding from him. With the morals of a people their industry also is destroyed. For in a warm climate no man will labor for himself who can make another labor for him. This is so true, that of the proprietors of slaves, a very small proportion indeed are ever seen to labor. And can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of G.o.d? That they are not to be violated but with his wrath? Indeed, _I tremble for my country when I remember that G.o.d is just_; that his justice cannot sleep forever; that considering numbers, nature, and natural means only, a revolution of the wheel of fortune, an exchange of situation is among possible events; that it may become probable by supernatural interference. The Almighty has no attribute that can take side with us in such a contest. But it is impossible to be temperate and pursue this subject.""
"That is stronger yet!" exclaimed Charlie. "I tell you, Nat, there are no such Democrats now."
"Yes, there are; you see one sitting in this chair," replied Nat, "and I believe there are many such. A person must believe so if he believes the Declaration of Independence. Come, Charlie, you are as good a Democrat as I am, only you won"t own it."
"I certainly think well of Jefferson"s principles, so far as you have read them to me, but I am not quite ready to call myself a Democrat."
We can readily see that Nat"s sympathies would lead him at once to embrace the views of Jefferson on reading his life and writings. We have seen enough of him in earlier scenes to know in what direction they would run. His pity for the poor and needy, the unfortunate and injured, even extending to abused dumb animals; his views and feelings respecting the different orders of society; and his naturally kind and generous heart, would prepare the way for his thus early taking sides in politics. The traits of character discoverable in the court scene, when he plead the case of the accused boys; his grief with Frank when he wept over dead Trip; his condemnation of Sam Drake in defence of Spot, and one or two other incidents, are also traceable in his interest in the character and principles of Jefferson. There seemed to him more _equality_ in those doctrines, more regard for the rights of the people, more justice and humanity, than in any thing he had read.
Indeed, he had read nothing strictly political before, except what came under his eye in the papers, and he was fully prepared to welcome such views.
Jefferson"s life and writings certainly made a lasting impression upon Nat"s mind. It was one of the works that contributed to his success.
Like the lives of Patrick Henry and of Dr. Franklin, and the address upon the character of Count Rumford, it contained much that appealed directly to his early aspirations. It is said that when Guido stood gazing upon the inimitable works of Michael Angelo, he was first roused to behold the field of effort for which he was evidently made, and he exclaimed, "I, too, am a painter." So, it would seem, that direction was given to the natural powers of Nat, and his thirst for knowledge developed into invincible resolution and high purpose by this and kindred volumes. It is often the case, that the reading of a single volume determines the character for life, and starts off the young aspirant upon a career of undying fame. Thus Franklin tells us that when he was a boy, a volume fell into his hands, to which he was greatly indebted for his position in manhood. It was "Cotton Mather"s Essays to do Good," an old copy that was much worn and torn. Some of the leaves were gone, "but the remainder," he said, "gave me such a turn of thinking as to have an influence on my conduct through life; for I have always set a greater value on the character of a doer of good than any other kind of reputation; and if I have been a useful citizen, the public owes all the advantage of it to the little book." Jeremy Bentham said that the current of his thoughts and studies was decided for life by a single sentence that he read near the close of a pamphlet in which he was interested. The sentence was, "The greatest good of the greatest number." There was a great charm in it to one of his "turn of mind," and it decided his life-purpose. The pa.s.sion of Alfieri for knowledge was begotten by the reading of "Plutarch"s Lives." Loyola, the founder of the sect of Jesuits, was wounded in the battle of Pampeluna, and while he was laid up with the wound, he read the "Lives of the Saints," which impressed him so deeply that he determined from that moment to found a new sect.
There is no end to such examples from the page of history. It may seem an unimportant matter for a boy to read the life of Jefferson, or Franklin, or any other person; but these facts show us that it may be no trivial thing, though its importance will be determined by the decision, discrimination, and purpose with which the book is read. Very small causes are sometimes followed by the greatest results. Less than a book often settles a person"s destiny. A picture created that life of purity and usefulness which we find in Dr. Guthrie, the renowned English champion of the Ragged School enterprise. His case is so interesting, that we close this chapter by letting him speak for himself. He says,
"The interest I have been led to take in this cause is an example of how, in Providence, a man"s destiny,--his course of life, like that of a river, may be determined and affected by very trivial circ.u.mstances. It is rather curious,--at least it is interesting to me to remember,--that it was by a _picture_ I was first led to take an interest in ragged schools,--by a picture in an old, obscure, decaying burgh that stands on the sh.o.r.es of the Firth of Forth, the birth-place of Thomas Chalmers. I went to see this place many years ago, and, going into an inn for refreshment, I found the room covered with pictures of shepherdesses with their crooks, and sailors in holiday attire, not particularly interesting. But above the chimney-piece there stood a large print, more respectable than its neighbors, which represented a cobbler"s room. The cobbler was there himself, spectacles on nose, an old shoe between his knees,--the ma.s.sive forehead and firm mouth, indicating great determination of character, and, beneath his bushy eyebrows, benevolence gleamed out on a number of poor ragged boys and girls, who stood at their lessons round the busy cobbler. My curiosity was awakened; and in the inscription I read how this man, John Pounds, a cobbler in Portsmouth, taking pity on the mult.i.tude of poor ragged children left by ministers and magistrates, and ladies and gentlemen, to go to ruin on the streets,--how, like a good shepherd, he gathered in these wretched outcasts,--how he had trained them to G.o.d and to the world,--and how, while earning his daily bread by the sweat of his brow, he had rescued from misery and saved to society not less than five hundred of these children. I felt ashamed of myself. I felt reproved for the little I had done. My feelings were touched. I was astonished at this man"s achievement; and I well remember, in the enthusiasm of the moment, saying to my companion (and I have seen in my cooler and calmer moments no reason for unsaying the saying),--"That man is an honor to humanity, and deserves the tallest monument ever raised within the sh.o.r.es of Britain." I took up that man"s history, and I found it animated by the spirit of Him who had "compa.s.sion on the mult.i.tude." John Pounds was a clever man besides; and, like Paul, if he could not win a poor boy any other way, he won him by art. He would be seen chasing a ragged boy along the quays, and compelling him to come to school, not by the power of a policeman, but by the power of a hot potato. He knew the love an Irishman had for a potato; and John Pounds might be seen running holding under the boy"s nose a potato, like an Irishman, very hot, and with a coat as ragged as himself. When the day comes when honor will be done to whom honor is due, I can fancy the crowd of those whose fame poets have sung, and to whose memory monuments have been raised, dividing like the wave, and pa.s.sing the great, and the n.o.ble, and the mighty of the land, this poor, obscure old man stepping forward and receiving the especial notice of Him who said, "Inasmuch as ye did it to one of the least of these, ye did it also to me.""
CHAPTER XV.
THREE IMPORTANT EVENTS.
"Frank is coming into the factory to work," said Nat one day to Charlie.
"He is?" answered Charlie with some surprise, as he had not heard of it; "when is he coming?"
"Next week I expect, if the place is ready for him. I am glad he is coming, for he will be company for us."
"Are his parents so poor that he is obliged to work here for a living?"
"Yes; they are not able to keep him at school any longer, and they think he is old enough now to do something to support himself."
"It is a dreadful thing to be poor, isn"t it, Nat?"
"It is bad enough, but not the worst thing in the world," answered Nat.
"Dr. Franklin said it was worse to be _mean_."
"I shan"t dispute with him on that point," replied Charlie, "for there is only one side to that question. But I was thinking how poor boys are obliged to work instead of going to school, and of the many hard things they are obliged to meet."
"I think of it often," added Nat, "but then I remember that almost all the men whose lives I have read, were poor boys, and this shows that poverty is not so bad as some other things. But I don"t quite believe Dr. Franklin"s remark about the ease of becoming rich."
"What was his remark?" inquired Charlie.
""The way to wealth is as plain as the way to market,"" answered Nat; "and if that isn"t plain enough, I should like to know how it could be made plainer."
"Well, I don"t believe _that_," said Charlie. "If men could become rich as easily as they can go to market, there would be precious few poor people in the world. But is that really what he means?"
"Certainly; only _industry_ and _frugality_, he says, must be practised in order to get it."
"That alters the case," answered Charlie, "but even then I can"t quite believe it. Are all industrious and frugal people wealthy?"
"No," replied Nat; "and that is the reason I doubt the truth of Dr.
Franklin"s remark. Some of the most industrious and frugal people in the world are poor."
The conversation was broken off here, and we will take this opportunity to remark, that Frank Martin entered the factory, as had been arranged, and was most cordially welcomed by the boys. He had been less with Nat, since the latter became a bobbin boy, than before, but their friendship was not abated. We have seen that they were on very intimate terms before, and were much in each other"s society. Frank"s entrance into the factory was suited to strengthen that friendship. The fact that each of the boys was poor and obliged to work for a living, and that each, also, was a factory boy, was enough to cause their sympathies to run together.
It is natural for the rich to seek the society of the rich, and for the poor to seek the society of the poor, because their sympathies blend together. Hence, we generally find in communities that the rich and poor are usually separated, in some measure, by social barriers. This is not as it should be by any means; and this distinction between the rich and poor often becomes obnoxious to every kind and generous sentiment of humanity. Still, to some extent, the very experience of the rich begets a fellow-feeling with the rich, and so of the poor. The same is true, also, of trials. The mother who has lost her babe can sympathize with another bereaved mother, as no other person can. The sorrowing widow enters into the bitter experience of another wife bereft of her husband, as no other weeper can. And so it is of other forms of human experience.
Then, the occupations of individuals comes in to influence the sympathies. A farmer meets a stranger, and finds, after cultivating his acquaintance, that he is a farmer, and this fact alone increases his interest in the individual. A sailor falls into company with an old man of four-score years, and finds that he was once a sailor, and this item of news draws him towards the aged man at once. A lawyer or clergyman is introduced to a gentleman in a foreign land, and he learns that the stranger is a lawyer or clergyman, as the case may be, and this knowledge itself makes him glad to see him.
Now this principle had a place in the hearts of these three factory boys, and bound them together by very strong ties of friendship. No three boys in the village thought so much of each other, nor were so much in each other"s society, as they. There is no doubt that their intimate acquaintance and intercourse had much to do in forming the character of each. It certainly opened the way for some experiences that helped make Nat what he became.
"How did you like Marcus Treat?" inquired Charlie, the evening after he introduced this new comer into Nat"s study.
"Very much indeed," answered Nat. "He seems to be a capital fellow, and he is a good scholar I know from his appearance."