In 1831 he married a daughter of Mr. Simpkin, of Simpkin, Marshall and Co. He started in business for himself, and rapidly built up an extensive trade, far exceeding any of his rivals. At about the same time his brother James also started on his own account, at 12, King William Street, Charing Cross, whilst the third brother, John Hutter Bohn, who has been for nearly forty years the cataloguer at Sotheby"s and is still living, attended to the original business. Bohn"s famous "Guinea Catalogue" was deservedly regarded as a great triumph in its way, although it has been far surpa.s.sed by the splendid catalogues of his whilom apprentice, B. Quaritch. Bohn"s fame now rests almost exclusively in his publishing ventures, which proved a veritable gold-mine to the originator, and are still highly lucrative investments in the hands of Messrs. George Bell and Sons. He "edited" an edition of Lowndes"
"Bibliographer"s Manual," and his name occurs on the t.i.tle-pages of a great many books dealing with an extensive variety of subjects. It is scarcely necessary to say that Bohn has very little claim to be regarded either as an editor or as an author, unless the cash purchase of the product of other men"s brain and study conferred either of these t.i.tles upon him. He was, however, a remarkable person, with a very wide knowledge of books. While quite a young man he catalogued the books of Dr. Parr. The growing extent of his publishing business killed the second-hand trade, so far as he was concerned, and his stock was disposed of at Sotheby"s in the years 1868, 1870, and 1872, occupying fifty days in selling, and realizing a total of over 13,300. Both Henry G. Bohn and his brother James dealt largely in remainders, and of this cla.s.s of merchandise each issued catalogues early in the year 1840 (and at other times), and the difference in the extent of the trade done by the two brothers may be indicated by the fact that the catalogue of the former extends to 132 pages, whilst that of the latter is only 16 pages.
In this, as in everything else which he undertook, H. G. Bohn was first and his rivals nowhere. One of Bohn"s rivals in the "forties" was Joseph Lilly, who once undertook to purchase everything important in the book line which was offered, but he soon gave up the idea. His shop was for some time at 19, King Street, Covent Garden, and his catalogues always contained a large number of select books. He had served a short time at Lackington"s, and was distinguished for the zeal with which he purchased First Folio Shakespeares. Lilly died in 1870, and his vast stock came under the hammer at Sotheby"s in six batches, 1871-73.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Mr. F. S. Ellis._]
King William Street, Strand, until the last three or four years, had been for nearly a century a famous emporium of second-hand bookshops.
Its most famous inhabitant in this respect was Charles John Stewart (whom Henry Stevens, of Vermont, described as the last of the learned old booksellers), who was born in Scotland at the beginning of the present century, and died on September 17, 1883. He was one of Lackington"s pupils, and started as a second-hand bookseller with Howell, subsequently carrying on the business alone. His chief commodity was theological books, and when his stock--perhaps the largest of its kind known--came to be sold, it realized close on 5,000. Joel Rowsell was another famous bibliopole who resided in this street, and he, like Stewart, retired in 1882. G. b.u.mstead (whose speciality was curious or eccentric books; he was distinctly an "old" bookseller, for he rarely bought anything printed after 1800), Molini and Green, J. M. Stark, and J. W. Jarvis and Sons, were also, at one time or another, in this bookselling thoroughfare, which is now entirely deserted by the fraternity. Doubtless one of the most successful of modern bibliopoles who lived in the vicinity of the Strand is Mr. F. S. Ellis, who was an apprentice of James Toovey, and who in a comparatively few years built up a business second only to that of Quaritch. Mr. Ellis (who purchased the valuable freewill of T. and W. Boone"s connection) compiled the greater portion of the catalogue of the celebrated Huth Library, and since he has retired to Torquay has taken up book-editing with all the zeal which characterized his earlier career as a bookseller. Mr. Ellis"s shop was at 33, King Street, Covent Garden, and afterwards at 29, New Bond Street, and the prestige of his name is worthily maintained by his nephew, Mr. G. I. Ellis (with whom is Mr. Elvey), at the latter address.
The whole neighbourhood of which Covent Garden may be taken as the centre, is full of a bibliopolic history, which dates back to the beginning of the last century. The time when Aldines were to be picked up at 1s. 6d. each, and when Shakespeare Folios were to be had for 30s.
each round about the Piazza, has, it is true, long gone by; but a very large library, in almost any branch of literature, may be easily formed, at a very moderate cost, any day within a stone"s-throw of London"s great vegetable market. It may be mentioned, _en pa.s.sant_, that George Willis, the editor-publisher of _Willis"s Current Notes_, was for many years at the Great Piazza, Covent Garden. The firm subsequently became known as Willis and Sotheran, and is now Sotheran and Co.: this highly respectable house was established in Tower Street, E.C., as far back as 1816.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _A Corner at Ellis and Elvey"s._]
WESTMINSTER HALL.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Westminster Hall when occupied by Booksellers and others._
From a Print by Gravelot.]
There is not, perhaps, in the whole world, a more interesting bookselling locality than Westminster Hall. This place is redolent with historical a.s.sociations, with parliaments, coronations, revelries, and impeachments. Stalls for books, as well as other small merchandise, were permitted in the hall of the palace of Westminster early in the sixteenth century. The poor scholars of Westminster also were employed in hawking books between school-hours. In the procession of sanctuary men who accompanied the Abbot of Westminster and his convent, December 6, 1556, was "a boy that killed a big boy that sold papers and printed books, with hurling of a stone, and hit him under the ear in Westminster Hall." In the churchwardens" accounts of the parish of St. Margaret, Westminster, there is, under date 1498-1500, an entry: "Item, Received for another legende solde in Westmynster halle, v_s._ viij_d._," the "legende" being one of the thirteen copies of "The Golden Legend"
bequeathed by Caxton to the "behove" of the parish of St. Margaret"s.
Towards the end of the sixteenth century Tom Nash wrote: "Looke to it, you booksellers and stationers, and let not your shop be infested with any such goose gyblets, or stinking garbadge as the jygs of newsmongers; and especially such of you as frequent Westminster Hall, let them be circ.u.mspect what dunghill papers they bring thether: for one bad pamphlet is inough to raise a dampe that may poyson a whole towne," etc.
At first the shops or stalls were ranged along the blank wall on the southern side of the hall. Subsequently they occupied not only the whole of the side, but such portion of the other as was not occupied by the Court of Common Pleas, which then sat within the hall itself, as did the Chancery and King"s Bench at its farther end. Gravelot"s print of the hall during term-time shows this arrangement. The stationers and other tradespeople in the hall were a privileged cla.s.s, inasmuch as they were exempt from the pains and penalties relative to the license and regulation of the press. Here as elsewhere there were plenty of inferior books obtainable; Pepys, writing October 26, 1660, and referring to some purchases made in the hall, remarks: "Among other books, one of the life of our Queen, which I read at home to my wife, but it was so sillily writ that we did nothing but laugh over it." The stalls were distinguished by signs. One of the early issues of "Paradise Lost,"
1668, contains the name, among others, of Henry Mortlock, of the White Hart, Westminster Hall, but whose shop was at the Phoenix, St. Paul"s Churchyard; Raleigh"s "Remains," 1675, was printed for Mortlock. The majority of the hall booksellers had regular shops in St. Paul"s Churchyard or elsewhere, for it is scarcely likely that they would open these stalls during vacation. Matthew Gilliflower, of the Spread Eagle and Crown, was one of the most enterprising of his cla.s.s during the last quarter of the seventeenth century. James Collins, of the King"s Head, was here contemporaneously with Gilliflower. C. King and Stagg were also extensive partners in "adventures" in new books, and were among the "unprejudiced booksellers" who acted as agents for the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ during the first year of its existence. At about the same time also, B. Toovey and J. Renn, were selling books here. Early in the reign of George III. the traders were ousted from Westminster Hall; and in 1834 the dirty and mutilated vast parallelogram was thoroughly cleaned and repaired. Westminster Hall as a bookselling centre bears the same affinity to the trade proper as the sweetmeat stalls at a fair bear to confectionery. The books exposed for sale would only by a rare chance be choice or notable, and it was certainly not a likely place for folios or quartos.
BOND STREET AND PICCADILLY.
At the latter part of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century, several booksellers had established themselves in Bond Street and Pall Mall. One of the best known is John Parker, "an honest, good-natured man," with whom was apprenticed, in 1713, Henry Baker, the antiquary, a friend of John Nichols. Parker"s shop was in Pall Mall. At No. 29, New Bond Street, in 1730, we find J. Brindley, a reputable bookseller of his time, and who was one of a society formed in 1736 "for the encouragement of learning," which had a chequered and an undignified career. His shop was at the sign of the Feathers, and in 1747 he describes himself as "Bookseller to H.R.H. the Prince of Wales."
The only example of his catalogue which we have seen is dated 1747, and it includes 4,289 lots, among which were long selections of books at 1s.
each, or 10s. per dozen, and of others at 6d. each or 5s. per dozen.
Brindley was succeeded in 1759 by his apprentice, a much more celebrated bibliopole, James Robson, who built up a very extensive connection and died in 1806. In company with James Edwards and Peter Molini (the Exotic Bookseller of Beloe), Robson, in 1788, undertook a journey to Venice for the purpose of examining the famous Pinelli Library, which was purchased for about 7,000; it was safely transferred to London and sold by auction in Conduit Street, the total result being 9,356. A large number of more or less famous collections of books pa.s.sed through Robson"s hands, notably those of Sir John Evelyn; Edward Spelman, the translator of Xenophon; the Duke of Newcastle (1770); W. Mackworth Praed (1772); Joseph Smith, Consul at Venice; Dr. Samuel Musgrave; J. Murray, Amba.s.sador at Constantinople. Messrs. Robson and Clark were succeeded early in this century by Nornaville and Fell, who in 1830 made way for T. and W. Boone, who were, as we have said, succeeded by Mr. F. S.
Ellis; it is interesting to note that this house had been in the occupation of booksellers for over a century and a half.
The bookselling fraternity had, however, obtained no definite footing until shortly after the middle of the eighteenth century, when James Almon began to acquire notoriety, his political fearlessness more than once bringing him at loggerheads with the authorities. When he first came to London, he worked as a printer at Watts", in Wild"s Court, Lincoln"s Inn Fields, where he had the frame which had been occupied by Benjamin Franklin. His shop was opposite Burlington House, and for many years this was the meeting-place of the leading Whig politicians. He died in 1805, and was succeeded by J. Debrett, a name still a.s.sociated with publishing.
During the last few years of the last century, and probably in consequence of the greatly improved condition of the place, Piccadilly and neighbourhood became favourite spots with booksellers, the more notable being James Ridgway, whose "repository of loyalty" was in York Street, St. James"s Square, who died in 1838, aged eighty-three years; T. Hookham, Old Bond Street; and Stockdale, whose name will be for ever a.s.sociated with that of Erskine in connection with the liberty of the press. Stockdale"s shop, No. 178, Piccadilly, was for a long time in the possession of Thomas Thorpe; the place has since been rebuilt. R.
Faulder, of New Bond Street, also deserves mention as being one of forty booksellers against whom actions were brought for selling the "Baviad and Maeviad." He is the Cunning Bookseller of Beloe, and appears to have been one of the most a.s.siduous frequenters of "forced" sales of household furniture, etc., where he often happened on books of rarity and value. He "acc.u.mulated a very large property and retired," but the _auri sacra fames_ pursued him to the end. William Clarke, of New Bond Street, best remembered as the compiler of that very valuable work, "Repertorium Bibliographic.u.m," 1819, was established as a bookseller in 1793. During the second half of the last century Samuel Parker and Walter Shropshire were selling second-hand books in New Bond Street.
Thomas Beet, who retired from business ten years ago, was a well-known bookseller of Bond Street and Conduit Street, and was a considerable purchaser at the leading auction sales. He frequently had the honour of submitting various special old books for the inspection of the Queen, the Prince of Wales, and other members of the Royal Family, whilst his shop in Conduit Street was a very popular resort of bookish men.
Robert Dodsley, of Tully"s Head, is one of the most famous of the Pall Mall booksellers. His shop was next to the pa.s.sage leading into King Street, and now known as Pall Mall Place. He is perhaps better remembered as an author and compiler than as a bookseller, and best of all as a friend of Dr. Johnson, Pope, Spence, and other literary celebrities; he it was who first urged Johnson to start the famous "Dictionary." Dodsley died in 1764, and his business was taken over by his brother James, who survived the founder thirty-three years. The celebrated firm of G. and W. Nicol, booksellers to his Majesty, for many years carried on in Pall Mall in Dodsley"s shop, originated with David Wilson and his nephew George Nicol, who started in the Strand about 1773, and who sold, _inter alia_, the library of Dr. Henry Sacheverell.
George Nicol married the niece of the first Alderman Boydell, and was one of the executors of James Dodsley, who left him a legacy of 1,000.
He is described as "a most agreeable companion," as a member of many of the literary clubs of his day, and enjoyed the friendly confidence of the Duke of Roxburghe, Duke of Grafton, and other eminent book-lovers.
He died in Pall Mall, 1829, aged eighty-eight years. Nicol"s stock was sold by auction at Evans"s in 1825.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _John Hatchard (1768-1849)._]
The most ancient book-business in Piccadilly is that of Hatchard"s, which dates back to 1797. It was started by John Hatchard, who had been an a.s.sistant at Tom Payne"s. Hatchard was patronized by Queen Charlotte, the Archbishop of Canterbury, Canning, and Dr. Keate. Hatchard is the G.o.dly Bookseller of Beloe; he was a Conservative, dressed like a bishop, and published for Hannah More and the Evangelicals. Zachary Macaulay, Wilberforce, and the other opponents of slavery, once involved Hatchard in a libel action, in which he was found guilty. Hatchard published for Crabbe and for Tupper, and, according to Mr. Humphreys" interesting "Piccadilly Bookmen," Liston, Charles Kemble, and other actors, frequented the shop. So did the Duke of Wellington, who, "when the library of the Duke"s brother was sold at Evans"s Auction Rooms in Pall Mall, where now stands the Carlton Club ... sent several open commissions for books which he wished secured. Among these was a shilling pamphlet by A. G. Stapleton, with the late owner"s notes in pencil. This was put up at 2s. 6d., and ultimately knocked down for 93 to Hatchard, the under-bidder being Sir A. Alison. The Duke, though very much astonished at the price such a mere fragment had fetched, yet admired the obedience to his orders." The Horticultural Society took its rise in a meeting at Hatchard"s, and he also seems to have lent his premises to the "Outinian Society," a species of matrimonial agency, which did not last long; but the wonder is how so respectable and cautious a personage ever harboured it. Among his a.s.sistants were Fraser, afterwards noted for his magazine, and Tilt.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _James Toovey, Bookseller._]
The two great second-hand booksellers of the Piccadilly of the latter half of the present century are James Toovey and Bernard Quaritch.
Toovey"s shop at 177, Piccadilly (once occupied by William Pickering, the famous publisher), was for about forty years a favourite haunt of booksellers, for Toovey was a bibliophile as well as a bibliopole. His whole life was spent among books. He was apprenticed at fourteen to a bookseller, and for some time had a shop of his own in St. James"s Street. He published Newman"s "Lives of the English Saints," and other works by the leaders of the Tractarian movement, in addition to a very fine reprint of the "Aberdeen Breviary," of the original of which only four imperfect copies exist. An obituary notice describes him as "very particularly the great authority on bindings. He made a strong speciality in old French red morocco bindings, and during his frequent visits to France brought back large buyings of them. Toovey bought notable books, but unless they had the second qualification of being in a good state, and the bindings valuable, he was less anxious about them.
Given a notable book in a notable binding, he would buy it at almost any cost. When the present Mr. James Toovey--James Toovey _fils_--came into the business, he made a feature of those quaint sport and pastime books which every stroller along the south side of Piccadilly has been wont to stay and look at in Toovey"s window. Ten years before his death the old man retired from the business in favour of his son, but his devotion to rare books and rare bindings was his ruling pa.s.sion to the last.
Toovey"s, during its career, has known all the prominent book-hunters and a legion of eminent people who have been more than book-collectors.
In the leisured times, Toovey"s, like Hatchard"s further along the street, was something of a resort for literary folk generally, and many people we who are younger are familiar with have been accustomed to find their way across Toovey"s doorstep. Mr. Gladstone has visited the shop, and so has Cardinal Manning, and Prince Lucien Bonaparte, and Henry Huth often." Having acquired a considerable fortune in business, he was able to indulge in the luxury, rare amongst booksellers, of collecting a private library for his own entertainment. He retired from active business several years ago, and pa.s.sed his remaining days in the ever-delightful society of his bibliographical treasures. He died in September, 1893, in his eightieth year, and his stock of books came under the hammer at Sotheby"s in March, 1894, when 3,200 lots realized just over 7,090. His very choice private library is still in the possession of his son, and among its chief cornerstones is the finest First Folio Shakespeare known. Toovey, like the elder Boone, secured many excessively rare books during his personal visits to the Continent.
Pickering"s son, Basil Montagu Pickering, remained with Toovey for a few years after his father retired, but eventually opened a shop on his own account at 196, Piccadilly, next to St. James"s Church, and possessed at one time and another many exceedingly rare books. The name is still continued under the t.i.tle of Pickering and Chatto, of 66, Haymarket, who continue to use the Aldine device employed both by William Pickering and his son. There is no Pickering in the present firm.
[Ill.u.s.tration: _James Toovey"s Shop, Piccadilly._]
[Ill.u.s.tration: _Bernard Quaritch, the Napoleon of Booksellers._]
Of all second-hand booksellers, living or dead, Bernard Quaritch is generally conceded to be the king. Mr. Quaritch was born in 1819 at Worbis, Prussia, and after serving an apprenticeship to a bookseller came over to England in 1842, and obtained employment at H. G. Bohn"s, with whom he remained (exclusive of two years in Paris) until 1847. He left Bohn"s in April of that year, with the observation: "Mr. Bohn, you are the first bookseller in England, but I mean to be the first bookseller in Europe." Quaritch started with only his savings as capital, and his first catalogue was nothing more than a broadside, with the t.i.tles of about 400 books, the average price of which ranged from 1s. 6d. to 2s. His first big move was made in 1858, when the Bishop of Cashel"s library was sold, when he purchased a copy of the Mazarin Bible for 595. In the same year appeared his first large catalogue of books, which comprised nearly 5,000 articles; two years later his catalogue had increased from 182 to 408 pages, and included close on 7,000 articles; in 1868 his complete catalogue consisted of 1,080 pages, and 15,000 articles; in 1880 it had extended to 2,395 pages, describing 28,000 books; but seven years later his General Catalogue consisted of 4,500 pages, containing 40,000 articles. As a purchaser, Mr. Quaritch puts the whilom considered gigantic purchases of Thomas Thorpe entirely into the shade. In July, 1873, he purchased the non-scientific part of the Royal Society"s Norfolk Library; a few weeks later at the Perkins sale he bought books and ma.n.u.scripts to the extent of 11,000; at the sale of Sir W. t.i.te"s books in 1874 the Quaritch purchases amounted to 9,500; at the two Didot sales in 1878 and 1879 his purchases exceeded 11,000 in value; at the Beckford sale in 1882 a little more than half of the total (86,000) was secured by Mr. Quaritch; at the Sunderland sale, 1881-83, Mr. Quaritch"s bill came to over 33,000; at all the other great sales of the past twenty years the largest buyer has invariably been "B. Q." In an announcement "To Book Lovers in all Parts of the World," the Napoleon of bibliophiles makes the following statement: "I am desirous of becoming recognised as their London agent by all men outside of England who want books. The need of such an agent is frequently felt abroad by the heads of literary inst.i.tutions, librarians, and book-lovers generally. They shrink from giving trouble to a bookseller in matters which require more attention and effort than the mere furnishing of some specific article in his stock, and they must often wish that it were possible to have the services of a man of ability and experience at their constant command. Such services I freely offer to anyone who chooses to employ them; no fee is required to obtain them, and not a fraction will be added to the cost of the supplies. The friendly confidence which is necessarily extended to one"s agent at a distance will undoubtedly in time bring an ample return for my labours, but so far as the present is concerned, I ask for nothing but the pleasure of attending to the wants of those who are as yet without an agent in London. Whether the books to be procured through my intervention be rare or common, single items or groups, the gems of literature and art or the popular books of the day, I shall be happy to work in every way for book-lovers of every degree. Commissions of any kind may be entrusted to me; I will venture to guarantee satisfaction in every case, even in the delicate matter of getting books appropriately bound. It may likewise be well to state that my offer of agency extends to the selling of foreign books here, as well as to the supply of English books hence." There is not much that is architecturally beautiful about Mr. Quaritch"s shop at 15, Piccadilly, but its interest to the book-lover needs but little emphasis after what has been said.
Like all great men, Bernard Quaritch has his little eccentricities, into which we need not now enter. We apologize to him for publishing the following extract, which is, however, not our own, but comes (of course) from an American source: "Bernard Quaritch"s antiquated hat is a favourite theme with London and other bookmen. A committee of the Grolier Club once made a marvellous collection of newspaper clippings about it, and a member of the Societe des Bibliophiles Contemporains wrote a tragedy which was a parody of aeschylus. In this tragedy Power and Force and the G.o.d Hephaistos nail the hat on Mr. Quaritch"s head, like the t.i.tan on the summit of overhanging rocks. Divinities of the Strand and Piccadilly, in the guise of Oceanidae, try to console the hat; but less fortunate than Prometheus, the hat knows it is for ever nailed, and not to be rescued by Herakles. However, _tout pa.s.se, tout ca.s.se, tout la.s.se_, as Dumas said, for Mr. Quaritch has bought a new hat, and a journal of London announces that the epic hat is enshrined in gla.s.s in the bibliopole"s drawing-room."
One of the most modern of book-thoroughfares deserves a brief reference here. Charing Cross Road has for some years been a popular and successful resort of booksellers and book-hunters. It is within convenient reach of both the Strand and Holborn, and is only two or three minutes" walk from Piccadilly Circus. The books offered for sale here are, for the most part, priced at exceedingly moderate rates. Mr.
Bertram Dobell may be regarded as the chief of the trade here, possessing, as he does, two large shops well filled with books of all descriptions. Mr. Dobell"s catalogues are very carefully compiled, and possess a literary flavour by no means common; his lists of privately-printed books form a most valuable contribution to the bibliography of the subject. Mr. John Lawler, for many years chief cataloguer at Puttick"s, and more recently at Sotheby"s, had a shop in Charing Cross Road, which he has just given up; and Mr. A. E. Cooper, who makes a speciality of first editions of modern authors and curious and out-of-the-way books, both French and English.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
FOOTNOTES:
[176:A] Sewell, Cornhill, and Becket and De Hondt, Strand, were among the last to use these curious trade signs.
[192:A] The identical book with which Johnson knocked down Osborne, "Biblia Graeca Septuaginta," folio, 1594, Frankfort, was at Cambridge in February, 1812, in the possession of J. Thorpe, bookseller, who afterwards catalogued it.
[192:B] Timbs, writing in the _Gentleman"s Magazine_ in 1868, identified the house at which Tonson probably lived, and this house was in Timbs"s time a bookseller"s. Gray"s Inn Lane has become so thoroughly renovated and improved that it is no longer possible to point to any particular spot where any celebrity lived.
[201:A] "One day [writes Lytton] three persons were standing before an old bookstall in a pa.s.sage leading from Oxford Street into Tottenham Court Road. Two were gentlemen; the third, of the cla.s.s and appearance of those who more habitually halt at old bookstalls.
""Look," said one of the gentlemen to the other; "I have discovered here what I have searched for in vain the last ten years--the Horace of 1580, the Horace of the Forty Commentators--a perfect treasury of learning, and marked only fourteen shillings!"
""Hush, Norreys," said the other, "and observe what is yet more worth your study;" and he pointed to the third bystander, whose face, sharp and attenuated, was bent with an absorbed, and, as it were, with a hungering attention over an old worm-eaten volume.
""What is the book, my lord?" whispered Mr. Norreys.
"His companion smiled, and replied by another question: "What is the man who reads the book?"
"Mr. Norreys moved a few paces, and looked over the student"s shoulder.
""Preston"s Translation of Boethius," "The Consolations of Philosophy,""
he said, coming back to his friend.
""He looks as if he wanted all the consolations philosophy could give him, poor boy!"
"When Mr. Norreys had bought the Horace, and given an address where to send it, Harley (the second gentleman) asked the shopman if he knew the young man who had been reading Boethius.