The Book of Hallowe"en.
by Ruth Edna Kelley.
PREFACE
This book is intended to give the reader an account of the origin and history of Hallowe"en, how it absorbed some customs belonging to other days in the year,--such as May Day, Midsummer, and Christmas. The context is ill.u.s.trated by selections from ancient and modern poetry and prose, related to Hallowe"en ideas.
Those who wish suggestions for readings, recitations, plays, and parties, will find the lists in the appendix useful, in addition to the books on entertainments and games to be found in any public library.
Special acknowledgment is made to Messrs. E. P. Dutton & Company for permission to use the poem ent.i.tled "Hallowe"en" from "The Spires of Oxford and Other Poems," by W. M. Letts; to Messrs.
Longmans, Green & Company for the poem "Pomona," by William Morris; and to the Editors of _The Independent_ for the use of five poems.
RUTH EDNA KELLEY.
LYNN, _1919_.
CHAPTER I
SUN-WORSHIP. THE SOURCES OF HALLOWE"EN
If we could ask one of the old-world pagans whom he revered as his greatest G.o.ds, he would be sure to name among them the sun-G.o.d; calling him Apollo if he were a Greek; if an Egyptian, Horus or Osiris; if of Norway, Sol; if of Peru, Bochica. As the sun is the center of the physical universe, so all primitive peoples made it the hub about which their religion revolved, nearly always believing it a living person to whom they could say prayers and offer sacrifices, who directed their lives and destinies, and could even s.n.a.t.c.h men from earthly existence to dwell for a time with him, as it draws the water from lakes and seas.
In believing this they followed an instinct of all early peoples, a desire to make persons of the great powers of nature, such as the world of growing things, mountains and water, the sun, moon, and stars; and a wish for these G.o.ds they had made to take an interest in and be part of their daily life. The next step was making stories about them to account for what was seen; so arose myths and legends.
The sun has always marked out work-time and rest, divided the year into winter idleness, seed-time, growth, and harvest; it has always been responsible for all the beauty and goodness of the earth; it is itself splendid to look upon. It goes away and stays longer and longer, leaving the land in cold and gloom; it returns bringing the long fair days and resurrection of spring. A j.a.panese legend tells how the hidden sun was lured out by an image made of a copper plate with saplings radiating from it like sunbeams, and a fire kindled, dancing, and prayers; and round the earth in North America the Cherokees believed they brought the sun back upon its northward path by the same means of rousing its curiosity, so that it would come out to see its counterpart and find out what was going on.
All the more important church festivals are survivals of old rites to the sun. "How many times the Church has decanted the new wine of Christianity into the old bottles of heathendom." Yule-tide, the pagan Christmas, celebrated the sun"s turning north, and the old midsummer holiday is still kept in Ireland and on the Continent as St. John"s Day by the lighting of bonfires and a dance about them from east to west as the sun appears to move. The pagan Hallowe"en at the end of summer was a time of grief for the decline of the sun"s glory, as well as a harvest festival of thanksgiving to him for having ripened the grain and fruit, as we formerly had husking-bees when the ears had been garnered, and now keep our own Thanksgiving by eating of our winter store in praise of G.o.d who gives us our increase.
Pomona, the Roman G.o.ddess of fruit, lends us the harvest element of Hallowe"en; the Celtic day of "summer"s end" was a time when spirits, mostly evil, were abroad; the G.o.ds whom Christ dethroned joined the ill-omened throng; the Church festivals of All Saints"
and All Souls" coming at the same time of year--the first of November--contributed the idea of the return of the dead; and the Teutonic May Eve a.s.semblage of witches brought its hags and their attendant beasts to help celebrate the night of October 31st.
CHAPTER II
THE CELTS: THEIR RELIGION AND FESTIVALS
The first reference to Great Britain in European annals of which we know was the statement in the fifth century B. C. of the Greek historian Herodotus, that Ph[oe]nician sailors went to the British Isles for tin. He called them the "Tin Islands." The people with whom these sailors traded must have been Celts, for they were the first inhabitants of Britain who worked in metal instead of stone.
The Druids were priests of the Celts centuries before Christ came.
There is a tradition in Ireland that they first arrived there in 270 B. C., seven hundred years before St. Patrick. The account of them written by Julius Caesar half a century before Christ speaks mainly of the Celts of Gaul, dividing them into two ruling cla.s.ses who kept the people almost in a state of slavery; the knights, who waged war, and the Druids who had charge of worship and sacrifices, and were in addition physicians, historians, teachers, scientists, and judges.
Caesar says that this cult originated in Britain, and was transferred to Gaul. Gaul and Britain had one religion and one language, and might even have one king, so that what Caesar wrote of Gallic Druids must have been true of British.
The Celts worshipped spirits of forest and stream, and feared the powers of evil, as did the Greeks and all other early races. Very much of their primitive belief has been kept, so that to Scotch, Irish, and Welsh peasantry brooks, hills, dales, and rocks abound in tiny supernatural beings, who may work them good or evil, lead them astray by flickering lights, or charm them into seven years"
servitude unless they are bribed to show favor.
The name "Druid" is derived from the Celtic word "druidh," meaning "sage," connected with the Greek word for oak, "drus,"
"The rapid oak-tree-- Before him heaven and earth quake: Stout door-keeper against the foe.
In every land his name is mine."
TALIESIN: _Battle of the Trees._
for the oak was held sacred by them as a symbol of the omnipotent G.o.d, upon whom they depended for life like the mistletoe growing upon it. Their ceremonies were held in oak-groves.
Later from their name a word meaning "magician" was formed, showing that these priests had gained the reputation of being dealers in magic.
"The Druid followed him and suddenly, as we are told, struck him with a druidic wand, or according to one version, flung at him a tuft of gra.s.s over which he had p.r.o.nounced a druidical incantation."
O"CURRY: _Ancient Irish._
They dealt in symbols, common objects to which was given by the interposition of spirits, meaning to signify certain facts, and power to produce certain effects. Since they were tree-worshippers, trees and plants were thought to have peculiar powers.
Caesar provides them with a galaxy of Roman divinities, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter, and Minerva, who of course were worshipped under their native names. Their chief G.o.d was Baal, of whom they believed the sun the visible emblem. They represented him by lowlier tokens, such as circles and wheels. The trefoil, changed into a figure composed of three winged feet radiating from a center, represented the swiftness of the sun"s journey. The cross too was a symbol of the sun, being the appearance of its light shining upon dew or stream, making to the half-closed eye little bright crosses. One form of the cross was the swastika.
To Baal they made sacrifices of criminals or prisoners of war, often burning them alive in wicker images. These bonfires lighted on the hills were meant to urge the G.o.d to protect and bless the crops and herds. From the appearance of the victims sacrificed in them, omens were taken that foretold the future. The G.o.ds and other supernatural powers in answer to prayer were thought to signify their will by omens, and also by the following methods: the ordeal, in which the innocence or guilt of a person was shown by the way the G.o.d permitted him to endure fire or other torture; exorcism, the driving out of demons by saying mysterious words or names over them. Becoming skilled in interpreting the will of the G.o.ds, the Druids came to be known as prophets.
"O Deirdre, terrible child, For thee, red star of our ruin, Great weeping shall be in Eri-- Woe, woe, and a breach in Ulla.
"Thy feet shall trample the mighty Yet stumble on heads thou lovest."
TODHUNTER: _Druid song of Cathvah._
They kept their lore for the most part a secret, forbidding it to be written, pa.s.sing it down by word of mouth. They taught the immortality of the soul, that it pa.s.sed from one body to another at death.
"If, as those Druids taught, which kept the British rites, And dwelt in darksome groves, there counselling with sprites, When these our souls by death our bodies do forsake They instantly again do other bodies take----"
DRAYTON: _Polyolbion._
They believed that on the last night of the old year (October 31st) the lord of death gathered together the souls of all those who had died in the pa.s.sing year and had been condemned to live in the bodies of animals, to decree what forms they should inhabit for the next twelve months. He could be coaxed to give lighter sentences by gifts and prayers.
The badge of the initiated Druid was a gla.s.s ball reported to be made in summer of the spittle of snakes, and caught by the priests as the snakes tossed it into the air.
"And the potent adder-stone Gender"d "fore the autumnal moon When in undulating twine The foaming snakes prolific join."
MASON: _Caractacus._
It was real gla.s.s, blown by the Druids themselves. It was supposed to aid the wearer in winning lawsuits and securing the favor of kings.