"Hath not the morning dawned with added light!
And will not evening call another star Out of the infinite regions of the night To mark this day in Heaven? At last, we are A nation among nations; and the world Shall soon behold, in many a distant port, Another flag unfurled!"
This poet gave the following contrast between the North and South:-
"Look where we will, we cannot find a ground For any mournful song!
Call up the clashing elements around, And test the right and wrong!
On one side,-pledges broken, creeds that lie, Religion sunk in vague philosophy; Empty professions; Pharisaic leaven; Souls that would sell their birth-right in the sky; Philanthropists who pa.s.s the beggar by, And laws which controvert the laws of Heaven!
And, on the other, first, a righteous cause!
Then, honor without flaws, Truth, Bible reverence, charitable wealth, And for the poor and humble, laws which give Not the mean right to buy the right to live, But life, home and health.
To doubt the issue were distrust in G.o.d!
If in his providence He had decreed That, to the peace for which we pray, Through the Red Sea of War must lie our way, Doubt not, O-brothers, we shall find at need A Moses with his rod!"
The Vicksburg Citizen had thirty stanzas rehearsing the events of the year 1861. Two or three selections will be sufficient to show that the muse halted a little now and then:-
"Last year"s holidays had scarcely pa.s.sed, Before momentous events came thick and fast; Mississippi on the 9th of January went out, Determined to stand strong, firm and stout.
"Major Anderson would not evacuate Sumter, When Gen. Beauregard made him surrender,- And sent him home to his abolition master, Upon a trot, if not a little faster.
"Then Old Abe Lincoln got awful mad, Because his luck had turned out so bad; And he grasped his old-fashioned steel pen, And ordered out seventy-five thousand men.
"May the Almighty smile on our Southern race, May Liberty and Independence grow apace, May our Liberties this year be achieved, And our distress and sorrow graciously relieved."
The bombardment of Island No. 10 commenced on the 9th of March, and continued nearly a month. General Pope moving overland, captured New Madrid, planted his guns, and had the Rebel steamboats in a trap. The naval action of March 17th was grand beyond description. The mortars were in full play. The Cincinnati, Benton, and St. Louis were lashed together, and anch.o.r.ed with their bows down stream. The Carondelet and Mound City were placed in position to give a cross-fire with the other three, while the Pittsburg was held in reserve.
It was past one o"clock in the afternoon of as beautiful a day as ever dawned upon the earth, when a ball of bunting went up to the top of the Benton"s flagstaff, and fluttered out into the battle signal. Then came a flash, a belching of smoke from her bows, a roar and reverberation rolling far away,-a screaming in the air, a tossing up of earth and an explosion in the Rebel works.
The highest artistic skill cannot portray the scene of that afternoon,-the flashes and flames,-the great white clouds, mounting above the boats, and floating majestically away over the dark gray forests,-the mortars throwing up vast columns of sulphurous cloud, which widen, expand, and roll forward in fantastic folds,-the sh.e.l.ls one after another in swift succession rising, rotating, rushing upward and onward, sailing a thousand feet high, their course tracking a light gossamer trail, which becomes a beautiful parabola, and then the terrific explosion,-a flash, a handful of cloud, a strange whirring of the ragged fragments of iron hurled upwards, outwards, and downwards, crashing through the forests!
I was favored with a position on the Silver Wave steamer, lying just above the Benton, her wheels slowly turning to keep her in position to run down and help the gunboats if by chance they were disabled. The Rebel batteries on the mainland and on the Island, the Rebel steamers wandering up and down like rats in a cage, were in full view. With my gla.s.s I could see all that took place in and around the nearest battery. Columns of water were thrown up by the shot from the gunboats, like the first gush from the hose of a steam fire-engine, which falls in rainbow-colored spray. There were little splashes in the stream when the fragments of sh.e.l.l dropped from the sky. Round shot skipped along the surface of the river, tearing through the Rebel works, filling the air with sticks, timbers, earth, and branches of trees, as if a thunderbolt had fallen. There were explosions followed by volumes of smoke rising from the ground like the mists of a summer morning. There was a hissing, crackling, and thundering explosion in front and rear and overhead. But there were plucky men in the fort, who at intervals came out from their bomb-proof, and sent back a defiant answer. There was a flash, a volume of smoke, a hissing as if a flying fiery serpent were sailing through the air, growing louder, clearer, nearer, more fearful and terrific, crashing into the Benton, tearing up the iron plating, cutting off beams, splintering planks, smashing the crockery in the pantry, and breaking up the Admiral"s writing-desk.
"Howling and screeching and whizzing, The bomb-sh.e.l.ls arched on high, And then, like fiery meteors, Dropped swiftly from the sky."
All through the sunny hours, till evening, the gunboats maintained their position. While around the bright flashes, clouds of smoke, and heavy thunderings brought to mind the gorgeous imagery of Revelation, descriptive of the last judgment.
While the bombardment was at its height, I received a package of letters, intrusted to my care. There was one postmarked from a town in Maine, directed to a sailor on the St. Louis. Jumping on board a tug, which was conveying ammunition to the gunboats, I visited the vessel to distribute the letters. A gun had burst during the action, killing and wounding several of the crew. It was a sad scene. There were the dead,-two of them killed instantly, and one of them the brave fellow from Maine. Captain Paulding opened the letter, and found it to be from one who had confided to the n.o.ble sailor her heart"s affections,-who was looking forward to the time when the war would be over, and they would be happy together as husband and wife.
"Poor girl! I shall have to write her sad news," said the captain.
Day after day and night after night the siege was kept up, till it grew exceedingly monotonous. I became so accustomed to the pounding that, though the thirteen-inch mortars were not thirty rods distant from my quarters, I was not wakened by the tremendous explosions. Commodore Foote found it very difficult to fight down stream, as the water was very high, flooding all the country. Colonel Bissell, of General Pope"s army, proposed the cutting of a ca.n.a.l through the woods, to enable the gunboats to reach New Madrid. It was an Herculean undertaking. A light-draft transport was rigged for the enterprise. Machinery was attached to the donkey-engine of the steamer by which immense cotton-wood trees were sawed off four feet under water.
There was something very enchanting in the operation,-to steam out from the main river, over corn-fields and pasture lands, into the dark forests, threading a narrow and intricate channel, across the country,-past the Rebel batteries. A transport was taken through, and a tugboat, but the channel was not deep enough for the gunboats.
Captain Stembel, commanding the Benton,-a brave and competent officer, Commodore Foote"s right-hand man,-proposed to run the batteries by night to New Madrid, capture the Rebel steamer which Pope had caught in a trap, then turning head up stream take the Rebel batteries in reverse. The Commodore hesitated. He was cautious as well as brave. At length he accepted the plan, and sent the Pittsburg and Carondelet past the batteries at night. It was a bold undertaking, but accomplished without damage to the gunboats. The current was swift and strong, and they went with the speed of a race-horse.
Their presence at New Madrid was hailed with joy by the troops. Four steamboats had worked their way through the ca.n.a.l. A regiment was taken on board each boat. The Rebels had a battery on the other side of the river at Watson"s Landing, which was speedily silenced by the two gunboats. The troops landed, and under General Paine drove the Rebels from their camp, who fled in confusion, throwing away their guns, knapsacks, and clothing.
General Pope sent over the balance of his troops, and with his whole force moved upon General Mackall, the Rebel commander, who surrendered his entire command, consisting of nearly seven thousand prisoners, one hundred and twenty three guns, and an immense amount of supplies.
The troops of General Paine"s brigade came across a farm yard which was well stocked with poultry, and helped themselves. The farmer"s wife visited the General"s head-quarters to enter a complaint.
"They are stealing all my chickens, General! I sha"n"t have one left," she exclaimed, excitedly.
"I am exceedingly sorry, ma"am," said the General, with great courtesy; "but we are going to put down the rebellion if it takes every chicken in the State of Tennessee!"
The woman retired, evidently regarding the Yankees as a race of vandals.
East Tennessee refugees.
CHAPTER VII.
PITTSBURG LANDING, FORT PILLOW, AND MEMPHIS.
April, 1862.
The battle of Pittsburg Landing, or Shiloh as it is sometimes called, was fought on the 6th and 7th of April. It was a contest which has scarcely been surpa.s.sed for manhood, pluck, endurance, and heroism. In proportion to the numbers engaged the loss in killed and wounded was as great as that of any battle of the war. The disasters to the Rebel cause in Tennessee moved Davis to hurry reinforcements to Corinth, which was the new base of Johnston"s operations. Beauregard was sent into the department. He had the reputation of being a great commander, because he commanded the Rebel batteries in the attack on Sumter, and had received the glory of winning the victory at Bull Run. Time is the test of honor. Men, like the stars, have their hours of rising and setting. He was in the zenith of his fame.
Albert Sydney Johnston was still in command, but he was induced to move from Corinth to Pittsburg Landing and attack Grant before Buell, who was slowly moving across the country from Nashville, could join him.
Buell marched with great deliberation. He even gave express orders that there should be six miles" s.p.a.ce between the divisions of his army. The position at Pittsburg Landing was chosen by General Smith, as being a convenient base for a movement upon Corinth. It had some natural advantages for defence,-Lick Creek and a ravine above the Landing,-but nothing was done towards erecting barricades or breastworks. There are writers who maintain that the attack of the Rebels was expected; but if expected, would not prudence have dictated the slashing of trees, the erection of breastworks, and a regular disposition of the forces? On Friday and Sat.u.r.day the Rebel cavalry appeared in our front, but were easily driven back towards Corinth.
Nothing was done towards strengthening the line; no orders were issued in antic.i.p.ation of a battle till the pickets were attacked on Sunday morning, while the troops were cooking their coffee, and while many of the officers were in bed.
Pittsburg is the nearest point to Corinth on the river. The road winds up the bank, pa.s.ses along the edge of a deep ravine, leading southwest. It forks a half-mile from the Landing, the left-hand path leading to Hamburg up the river, and the main road leading to Shiloh Church, four miles from the Landing. The accompanying sketch of the church was taken the week after the battle, with the head-quarter tents of General Sherman around it. Its architecture is exceedingly primitive. It is a fair type of the inertness of the people of that region at the time. It is about twenty-five or thirty feet square, built of logs, without pulpit or pews, with rude benches for seats. Once it was c.h.i.n.ked with clay, but the rains have washed out the mortar, and the wind comes in through all the crevices. It is thoroughly ventilated. It would make a good corn-crib for an Illinois farmer.
A brook meanders through the forest, furnishing water for the worshipping a.s.semblies. South of the church, and across the brook, is a clearing,-an old farm-house where Beauregard wrote his despatch to Jeff Davis on Sunday night, announcing a great victory. There are other little clearings, which have been long under cultivation. The people were too indolent to make new openings in the forest, where centuries of mould had acc.u.mulated. The country was but little further advanced than when Daniel Boone pa.s.sed through the c.u.mberland Gap. Civilization came and made a beginning; but the blight of slavery was there. How the tillage and culture of New England or Ohio would crown those swells of land with sheaves of grain! What corn and clover fields, pastures of honeysuckle, gardens of roses! Within four miles of one of the most beautiful rivers in the world,-in a country needing only industry to make it a paradise,-the mourning dove filled the air with its plaintive notes in the depths of an almost unbroken forest, while the few people, shiftless and dest.i.tute of the comforts of civilization, knew no better than to fight against their own best interests.
The majority of the poor whites of the South are very ignorant. Few of them have ever attended school. In Tennessee, by the census of 1850, there were more than seventy thousand native-born American adults who could not read. Not one half of the prisoners captured at Donelson could read or write. While the army was lying before Corinth, I visited a Mississippi school-house,-a log building c.h.i.n.ked with mud, covered with long split oak shingles. It had a huge fireplace, built of stones, and a chimney laid up with sticks and mud. There were openings for two windows, but frames, sash, and gla.s.s all were wanting. There was no floor but the beaten earth,-no desks. Stakes were driven into the ground, upon which slabs of oak were laid for seats. The teacher"s desk was a large dry-goods box.
The State of North Carolina, with a white population of five hundred and fifty-three thousand, had eighty thousand native whites, over twenty years of age, who had never attended school. In the State of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Alabama, five States having a population of two million six hundred and seventy thousand, there were two hundred and sixty-two thousand native-born Americans, over twenty years of age, unable to read or write!
It will be no easy matter to awaken aspirations in the minds of this cla.s.s. They have been so long inert, so long taught to believe that labor is degrading, that rapid progress of Southern society cannot be expected immediately, unless emigration infuses a new vitality into the community.
Ignorance was on the increase throughout the South. Public schools were of little value where they existed, and the county was so spa.r.s.ely settled in many places there were not scholars enough to form one. The school fund arising from the sale of public lands was often appropriated to other uses. In Arkansas it had been squandered by worthless officials. The planters and wealthy farmers employed teachers in their families. Before the war, thousands of young ladies from the North were thus engaged. They sat at the planter"s table and a.s.sociated with his daughters; but, however intelligent, refined, or agreeable they might be, they were not admitted as their equals in society. Such teaching as they received, although the teacher might be faithful, was of little account. The children, proud and haughty, daily hearing of the inferiority of the people of the North, were not always disposed to receive instruction, much less to submit to correction, at the hands of a "Yankee schoolma"am." To be chivalrous, courteous, high-minded, and generous toward woman has ever been the boast of the men of the South; but, during the months immediately preceding the outbreak of the Rebellion, insulting and abusive language was freely uttered in the presence of Northern ladies. There was rudeness not only of language, but in some instances of action. The young bloods of the aristocracy, learning to crow as they heard the old c.o.c.ks, not unfrequently rose in rebellion against the authority of the teacher. Especially was this the case with teachers employed in the public schools. A Yankee schoolmaster or schoolmistress was one who could be insulted with impunity; and so bitter was the hatred, that, weeks before the first gun was fired at Sumter, Northern teachers were forced to leave their schools and retire from the Confederacy.
A Mississippi school-house.
To General Sherman more than to any division commander is credit due for the victory at Pittsburg Landing. When the first volley of musketry reverberated through the forest on Sunday morning he leaped into his saddle. He was conspicuous everywhere, riding along the lines regardless of the bullets which riddled his clothes. Early in the battle he was wounded in the wrist, but wrapping a bandage round his arm, continued in the field. Three horses were shot under him. He was a conspicuous mark for the Rebel riflemen. His fearless example was inspiring to the men. And so through the long hours of the day he was able to hold his position by the church, till the giving way of Prentiss and Hurlburt, nearer the river, made it necessary to fall back. Here Grant first exhibited those qualities of character which have made him the great military commander of the age. "We will beat them yet. They can"t pa.s.s this ravine," were his words of encouragement as he selected the final line, leading to the landing. The contest was virtually decided at five o"clock on Sunday afternoon, when Breckenridge attempted to cross the gorge near the river and was hurled back with great loss. Johnston and Beauregard made a great mistake in attacking at a point within reach of the gunboats. Had they come in on the Purdy road, between Shiloh Church and Crump"s Landing, in all human probability there would have been a far different record for the historians of the future. Had they attacked northwest of the church instead of south of it, they would have taken Grant in reverse, and forced him to change the whole front of his army; they would have had no ravine to cross, would have been beyond reach of the gunboats, and would have stood a fair chance of cutting off Lewis Wallace, who was at Crump"s Landing, from all connection with the main army.
The defeat of the Rebels was decisive, and yet Beauregard sent the following despatch to Richmond:-
"Corinth, April 8th, 1862.
"To the Secretary of War at Richmond:-
"We have gained a great and glorious victory. Eight to ten thousand prisoners, and thirty-six pieces of cannon. Buell reinforced Grant, and we retired to our entrenchments at Corinth, which we can hold. Loss heavy on both sides.