"Heavy engagements of infantry. Enemy in force where battery is. Meade is a.s.saulting the hill. Will report in a few minutes again."
"1.25 o"clock P. M.
"Meade is in the woods in his front; seems to be able to hold on. Reynolds will push Gibbon in, if necessary. The battery and woods referred to must be near Hamilton"s house. The infantry firing is prolonged and quite heavy. Things look well enough. Men in fine spirits."
"1.40 o"clock P. M.
"Meade having carried a portion of the enemy"s position in the woods, we have three hundred prisoners. Enemy"s battery on extreme left retired. Tough work; men fight well. Gibbon has advanced to Meade"s right; men fight well, driving the enemy. Meade has suffered severely. Doubleday to Meade"s left,-not engaged."
"2-1/4 o"clock P. M.
"Gibbon and Meade driven back from the woods. Newton gone forward. Jackson"s corps of the enemy attacks on the left. General Gibbon slightly wounded. General Bayard mortally wounded by a sh.e.l.l. Things do not look as well on Reynolds"s front; still, we"ll have new troops in soon."
"2.25 P. M.
"Despatch received. Franklin will do his best. New troops gone in. Will report soon again."
"3 o"clock P. M.
"Reynolds seems to be holding his own. Things look better, somewhat."
"3.40 o"clock P. M.
"Gibbon"s and Meade"s divisions are badly used up, and I fear another advance on the enemy on our left cannot be made this afternoon. Doubleday"s division will replace Meade"s, as soon as it can be collected, and, if it be done in time, of course another attack will be made.
"The enemy are in force in the woods on our left, towards Hamilton"s, and are threatening the safety of that portion of our line. They seem to have detached a portion of their force to our front, where Howe and Brooks are now engaged. Brooks has some prisoners, and is down to the railroad. Just as soon as the left is safe, our forces here will be prepared for a front attack, but it may be too late this afternoon. Indeed, we are engaged in front anyhow. Notwithstanding the unpleasant items I relate, the morale generally of the troops is good."
"4-1/2 o"clock P. M.
"The enemy is still in force on our left and front. An attack on our batteries in front has been repulsed. A new attack has just opened on our left, but the left is safe, though it is too late to advance either to the left or front."
Such was the intelligence which reached General Burnside of the operations on the left. It was not very encouraging. He expected that Franklin, with sixty thousand men at his disposal, would sweep Jackson from his position by Hamilton"s, and thus gain the rear of Lee"s left flank, which would make it easy for Sumner with the right wing to break through the line in rear of the town. Instead of throwing forty thousand men upon Jackson, as he could have done, dealing a blow which might have broken the Rebel lines, Meade"s division alone was sent forward. The fire of the batteries was terrific as he advanced, and so severe was the cannonade that the Rebel batteries which had been advanced from the main line were forced to retire, with two caissons blown up and several guns disabled.[14]
As the troops moved on they came to a hollow before reaching the railroad. They halted a moment on the edge of the depression and corrected their lines. It was a clear field to the railroad embankment, behind which they could see the gleaming of the sunlight on the bayonets of A. P. Hill"s division.
Meade"s three brigades were now in line, the first on the right, with the Sixth regiment of the Reserves thrown out as skirmishers; the Second in the centre, and the Third on the left.
The direction of Meade"s advance brought him against Lane"s and Archer"s brigades. Lane"s brigade was composed of five North Carolina regiments,-the Seventh, Eighteenth, Twenty-Eighth, Thirty-Third, and Thirty-Seventh. Archer"s was composed of the First, Seventh, and Fourteenth Tennessee, and Nineteenth Georgia regiments, and Fifth Alabama battalion. They were on the railroad and in the woods. There was a gap between the brigades, and there Meade drove the entering wedge. It was a fierce and b.l.o.o.d.y contest along the railroad, in the woods, upon the hillside, in the ravine, on the open plain, and on the crest of the ridge. The fourteen guns on the hill poured a murderous fire into Meade"s left flank. The guns by Deep Run, in front of Pender"s brigade, enfiladed the line from the right, while in reserve were two full brigades,-Thomas"s and Gregg"s,-to fill the gap. But notwithstanding this, Meade, unsupported, charged down the slope, through the hollow, up to the railroad, and over it, routing the Fourteenth Tennessee and Nineteenth Georgia, of Archer"s, and the whole of Lane"s brigade. With a cheer the Pennsylvanians went up the hill, crawling through the thick underbrush, to the crest, doubling up Archer and knocking Lane completely out of the line. It was as if a Herculean destroyer had crumbled, with a sledge-hammer stroke, the key-stone of an arch, leaving the whole structure in danger of immediate and irretrievable ruin.
Archer shifted the Fifth Alabama from his right to his left, but was not able to stop the advancing Yankees. He had already sent to Gregg for help, and that officer was putting his troops in motion. He had sent to Ewell, who was by Hamilton"s, and Trimble and Lawton were getting ready to move, Lane was still running, and the gap was widening between Archer and Pender.
Gibbon ought to have been following Meade, driving up the hill through the gap, but he halted at the railroad; his men were loath to move, for Pender"s batteries were cutting across his flank. Howe and Newton and Brooks were by the Bowling Green road, showing no signs of advancing. Sickles and Birney were almost back to Bernard"s mansion. Doubleday was holding the flank against Stuart, and Meade was struggling alone.
The latter officer thus speaks of his position at this moment:-
"The first brigade to the right advanced several hundred yards over cleared ground, driving the enemy"s skirmishers before them till they reached the woods in front of the railroad, which they entered, driving the enemy out of them to the railroad, where they were found strongly posted in ditches and behind temporary defences. The brigade (First) drove them from there and up the heights in their front. Owing to a heavy fire being received on their right flank, they obliqued over to that side, but continued forcing the enemy back till they had crowned the crest of the hill, crossed a main road which runs along the crest, and reached open ground on the other side, where they were a.s.sailed by a very severe fire from a larger force in their front, and at the same time the enemy opened a battery which completely enfiladed them from the right flank. After holding their ground for some time, no support arriving, they were compelled to fall back to the railroad."[15]
Gibbon, the nearest support to Meade, was nearly half a mile distant.[16] That officer was wounded while the fight was hottest, but of the part which he was performing he says:-
"As soon as the enemy"s guns slackened fire, I saw General Meade"s troops moving forward into action, and I at once sent orders to my leading brigade to advance and engage the enemy. Shortly afterwards I ordered up another brigade to support the first. The fire was very heavy from the enemy"s infantry, and I ordered up the Third Brigade and formed it in column on the right of my line, and directed them to take the position with the bayonet, having previously given that order to the leading brigade. But the general commanding that brigade told me that the noise and confusion was such that it was impossible to get the men to charge, or to get them to hear any order to charge. The Third Brigade-my last brigade-went in and took the position with the bayonet, and captured a considerable number of prisoners. During the fighting of the infantry I was establishing the batteries which belonged to my division in position to a.s.sist in the a.s.sault. I had just received the report of the success of this Third Brigade, when shortly after I saw a regiment of Rebel infantry come out on the left of my line between myself and General Meade. I rode up towards a battery that was on their left, and directed them to open fire upon that regiment. I was riding back towards the right of my line, when I was wounded, and left the field about half past two o"clock in the afternoon, I think."[17]
It will be seen by Franklin"s despatches that Meade had broken the line before Gibbon was engaged. At 1.15 P. M. he telegraphed to Burnside, "Meade is a.s.saulting the hill." Ten minutes later, at 1.25 P. M., "Reynolds will push Gibbon in if necessary." At 1.40 P. M., "Meade has carried a portion of the enemy"s position in the woods. We have three hundred prisoners. Gibbon has advanced to Meade"s right."
It was in this advance to the railroad, when Gibbon came in collision with Pender"s and Thomas"s brigades, that Gibbon was wounded.
While this was going on in front, the Second and Third Brigades of Meade were enveloping Gregg"s brigade of South Carolinians, which had been hurried up to retrieve the disaster to the line. There was a short but b.l.o.o.d.y contest. Three hundred South Carolinians fell in that struggle, including their commander, General Gregg, who was mortally wounded.
It was a critical moment with Stonewall Jackson. The whole of Ewell"s division, under the command of General Early, was brought up to regain the ground. Lawton"s brigade came first upon the Pennsylvanians, followed by Hayes"s, Trimble"s, and Field"s brigades, with Early"s own, commanded by Colonel Walker.
Had Newton, Howe, Brooks, Sickles, and Birney been near at hand, or had Gibbon been pushed promptly and effectively to Meade"s support, the record of that b.l.o.o.d.y day would have been far different from what it is. But they were not there. They had not even been ordered to advance!
Unable to withstand the onset of the whole of Jackson"s force (with the exception of a portion of Taliferro"s reserves), Meade was obliged to fall back, and give up the position won by such heroic valor. As his troops went to the rear, they met Ward"s brigade of Birney"s division advancing. The Rebels were in full pursuit. Birney wheeled his batteries into position, and opened with canister, and the Rebels fled to the shelter of the woods.
The divisions of Howe and Newton and Sickles were slightly engaged later in the day, but only in repulsing a second advance of the Rebels. The attack which Meade had opened so gallantly, and which was attended with such good success, had failed. Less than ten thousand men had broken the enemy"s line, and opened the way to victory. Of the sixty thousand men at Franklin"s disposal not more than sixteen or eighteen thousand were engaged during the day,[18] and of those not more than eight thousand at any one time.
General Franklin, in vindicating himself from censure for not attacking with a larger force and more vigorously, falls back on the clause in Burnside"s order, "to attack with one division at least, and to keep it well supported." It would have been better if Burnside had given explicit instructions. There must be some lat.i.tude allowed to subordinates, but there are very few men who, without particular instructions, can enter fully into the plans and intentions of the commander-in-chief. Franklin was const.i.tutionally sluggish in his movements. The attack on the left required boldness, energy, and perseverance. Sumner was the man for the place. Burnside was peculiarly unfortunate in the selection of commanders to carry out the particular features of his plan; but Sumner having been first to arrive at Falmouth, and having taken position, it was not easy to make the change.
While the battle was raging on the left I rode over the plain. The cavalry under General Bayard was drawn up in rear of the grove surrounding the fine old Bernard mansion. General Bayard was sitting at the foot of a tree, waiting for orders, and watching the advancing columns of Meade and Gibbon. There was a group of officers around General Franklin. Howe"s and Newton"s divisions were lying down to avoid the Rebel sh.e.l.ls, hurled from the heights beyond the railroad. All of Franklin"s guns were in play. The earth shook with the deep concussion. Suddenly the Rebel batteries opened with redoubled fury. A shot went over my head, a second fell in front of my horse, and ploughed a furrow in the ground; a third exploded at my right, a fourth went singing along the line of a regiment lying prostrate on the earth. McCartney"s, Williston"s, Hexamer"s, Amsden"s, Cooper"s, Ransom"s, and a dozen other batteries were replying. Meade was driving up the hill. Wounded men were creeping, crawling, and hobbling towards the hospital. Some, slightly wounded, were uttering fearful groans, while others, made of sterner stuff, though torn and mangled, bore their pains without a murmur.
A soldier, with his arms around the necks of two of his comrades, was being brought in. "O dear! O Lord! my foot is torn all to pieces!" he cried.
There was a hole in the toe of his boot where the ball had entered.
"It has gone clear through to the heel, and smashed all the bones. O dear! O dear! I shall have to have it cut off!" he cried, moaning piteously as his comrades laid him upon the ground to rest.
"Better cut off your boot before your foot swells."
"Yes,-do so."
I slipped my knife through the leather, and took the boot from his foot. The ball had pa.s.sed through his stocking. There was but a drop or two of blood visible. I cut off the stocking, and the bullet was lying between his toes, having barely broken the skin.
"I reckon I sha"n"t help lug you any farther," said one of the men who had borne him.
"Wal, if I had known that it wasn"t any worse than that I wouldn"t have had my boot cut off," said the soldier.
Returning to the Bernard mansion, I saw a commotion among the cavalry, and learned that their commander was mortally wounded. He had been struck by a solid shot while sitting by the tree; and they were bearing him to the hospital. He was a brave and gallant officer.
THE ATTACK ON THE RIGHT.
But while this was transpiring on the left there was a terrible sacrifice of life at the foot of Maryee"s Hill. Soon after noon French"s and Hanc.o.c.k"s divisions of the Second Corps, with Sturgis"s division of the Ninth, advanced over the open field in rear of the town to attack the heights. Officers walked along the lines giving the last words. "Advance and drive them out with the bayonet!" were the orders.
The fifteen thousand in a compact body move to the edge of the plateau. The hills are aflame. All of Longstreet"s guns are thundering. Sh.e.l.ls burst in the ranks. The Rebel skirmishers, concealed in the houses and behind fences, fire a volley and fall back to the main line.
Onward move the divisions. We who behold them from the rear, although we know that death stands ready to reap an abundant harvest, feel the blood rushing with quickened flow through our veins, when we see how gallantly they move forward, firing no shot in return.
Now a sheet of flame bursts from the sunken road, and another from half-way up the slope, and yet another from the top of the hill. Hundreds fall; but still on, nearer to the hill rolls the wave. Still, still it flows on; but we can see that it is losing its power, and, though advancing, it will be broken. It begins to break. It is no longer a wave, but scattered remnants, thrown back like rifts of foam. A portion of Sturgis"s division reaches the hollow in front of the hill and settles into it.
The Eleventh New Hampshire, commanded by Colonel Harriman, is in the front line. They are new troops, and this is their first battle; but they fight so gallantly that they win the admiration of their general.