It was half past twelve Sunday morning before the forward movement began. The United States Cha.s.seurs were in advance as skirmishers, deployed on both sides of the Bowling Green road. Shaler"s brigade followed, then Wheaton"s and Brown"s brigades. They crossed Deep Run, where the skirmishers had a few shots with the Rebel pickets, and moved into the town.
The engineers soon had the bridge completed, and Gibbon"s division of the Second Corps, which had been waiting by the Lacy House, crossed the stream.
Early stationed Barksdale, with seven companies of the Twenty-First Mississippi, between Maryee"s house and the plank-road, with the Seventeenth and Thirteenth Mississippi on the hills by the Howison house, and the Eighteenth and the remainder of the Twenty-First behind the stone-wall at the base of the hill. Hayes"s brigade, consisting of the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Louisianians, was on the hill near the monument, with Wilc.o.x"s brigade in its rear, guarding Banks"s Ford. Early himself was by Hazel Run, with Gordon"s, Hoke"s, and Smith"s brigades.
Sedgwick"s divisions were formed in the following order: Gibbon above the town in front of the monument, Newton in front of Maryee"s Hill, Howe at the lower end of the town, and Brooks on the plain below.
The morning dawned. The fog prevented the Rebels from seeing the movements of Sedgwick, though Barksdale"s pickets reported the town full of Yankees. From Chancellorsville came the roar of battle, the constant thunder of the cannonade. It was half past five when Shaler"s brigade of Newton"s division moved over the field where so many thousands fell on the 13th of December. It was a reconnoissance to ascertain the position and number of the force holding the place. The men marched on gallantly, but were forced to retire before the Mississippians and the artillery on the hill.
Sedgwick brought Hearn"s, Martin"s, Adams"s, and Hazard"s batteries, and Battery D of the Second United States regiment of artillery, into position in the town and above it, while Hexamer"s, the First Maryland, and McCartney"s First Ma.s.sachusetts occupied the ground below Hazel Run. McCartney was on the same spot which he occupied in the first battle.
It was a day of peace everywhere except at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. The air was laden with the fragrance of flowers blooming in the gardens of the town. Thousands of spectators stood upon the Falmouth hills watching the contest. All the batteries were at work,-the heavy guns at Falmouth, at the Lacy House, and farther down, throwing sh.e.l.ls and solid shot over the town into the Rebel lines.
Gibbon, instead of advancing directly up the hill towards the monument, where Hayes was lying behind the intrenchments, moved up the river road, intending to turn Hayes"s right flank. Hayes moved his men farther up, and sent a courier to Wilc.o.x with the message, "The Yankees are coming up the river road."[33]
Sedgwick"s attack.
Union Positions. Rebel Positions.
1.Gibbon"s Division. A.Hayes"s Brigade.
2.Newton"s " B.Barksdale"s Brigade.
3.Howe"s " C.Early"s Division.
4.Brooks"s " Gordon"s, Hoke"s, and Smith"s Brigades.
D.Wilc.o.x"s Brigade.
Wilc.o.x left fifty men to guard the ford, and went upon the run towards the town. It was an anxious moment to the Rebels. Barksdale and Hayes and Wilc.o.x all met at Stanisberry"s house, and consulted as to what should be done. Early their commander, was down on the Telegraph road, looking after matters in that direction.
"The Yankees are in full force below the town," said Barksdale.[34] That was the first information Wilc.o.x had received of the startling fact. They had been outgeneralled. They supposed that the movement below the town was a feint. They had seen Reynolds withdraw and march up stream towards Chancellorsville, but had not seen Gibbon cross the stream. Yet he was there, moving to the attack.
"Put your batteries into position and play upon them," said Barksdale.[35] Huger"s battery galloped up, chose a fine position on the hill near Dr. Taylor"s house, and began to fire upon the Ma.s.sachusetts Twentieth, which was in the road, compelling it to seek shelter under the hill. So effectual was the fire that Gibbon"s advance was checked.
Brooks and Howe moved against the Rebels below the town, but found them strongly posted.
Twice Newton advanced upon Maryee"s Hill, and was driven back. The forenoon was waning. But though baffled, Sedgwick was not disposed to give up the attempt. He watched the contest closely, reconnoitring all the positions of the Rebels, and determined to make an attack with his whole force at once.
But while Sedgwick was making preparations, Early endeavored to drive Brooks and Howe into the river. He advanced from the position occupied by Pender and Hood in the first battle, emerged from the woods and crossed the open field.
It is about ten o"clock. McCartney"s battery, the First Ma.s.sachusetts, is on a hillock, where it has full sweep of all the plain, right and left, and in front. There are five batteries of the Rebel reserve artillery, under Pendleton, in front, which have tried in vain to drive McCartney from the spot. A solid shot kills two horses and a man; McCartney is struck by a fragment of sh.e.l.l; yet the battery maintains its position north of the Bowling Green road, in Bernard"s field. A regiment which never before has been under fire is lying in front of the battery, sheltered by the hedges along the road,-soldiers that have enlisted for nine months. They are wanting in pluck, and as the Rebels advance, run straight up the hill towards the battery.
"Get out of the way, or I"ll fire through you," shouts Lieutenant Green, who impatiently holds his artillerists in check till the fugitives are past him.
He cuts at them right and left with his sword, indignant at their cowardly conduct, anxious to have the coast clear, that he may pour a torrent of canister into the advancing foe, now close at hand.
The whole battery-six pieces-opens by a volley, sending streams of canister down the slope! But the Rebels are in earnest. Still they advance.
"Give them double-shotted canister," shouts Green to his gunners, and they ram home the charges with a will. The guns leap from the ground with the recoil!
Nearer,-across the road,-up the hill,-they come.
"Give it to them! Give it to them! Quick!" are the energetic shouts of Green, and the canister tears through the ranks. No troops can face such a destructive fire. The Rebels flee down the hill, across the road, over the field, to the shelter of the woods.
"The repulse of the enemy on the extreme left was effected almost entirely by McCartney"s battery," said General Brooks.[36]
General Sedgwick determined to carry Maryee"s Hill at the point of the bayonet. Some of the officers thought it an impossibility. It had been tried three times in the first battle and twice during that morning, and all attempts had failed. But Sedgwick converged his forces upon one point. He formed his columns in three lines, with the intention of moving his whole force at once,-thus preventing Early from sending any reinforcements from other parts of the lines.
The troops selected for the attack upon Maryee"s Hill were the Sixty-First Pennsylvania and Forty-Third New York in the front line, north of the plank-road, and the First Long Island and Eighty-Second Pennsylvania in the second line, under General Shaler. South of the plank-road were the Sixth Maine and Thirty-First New York in the front line, with the Fifth Wisconsin acting as skirmishers. Next in line were the Seventh Ma.s.sachusetts and Thirty-Sixth New York, Second New York and Twenty-Sixth New Jersey, of Neil"s brigade. Still farther down, by Hazel Run, was the Vermont brigade.
Gibbon moved against Hayes and Wilc.o.x, while Brooks still held the ground, and made a demonstration against Early.
It is past eleven o"clock before all the dispositions are made.
"Go upon the double-quick. Don"t fire a shot. Give them the bayonet. Carry the rifle-pits, charge up the hill, and capture the guns," are the instructions.
The men throw aside everything which will hinder them, fix their bayonets, and prepare for the work. Their blood is up. They know that it is to be a desperate struggle. But it is not death that they are thinking of, but victory!
The Sixty-First Pennsylvania and Forty-Third New York move over the bridge across the ca.n.a.l. Their advance is the signal for all the lines. The men rise from the ground where they have been lying sheltered from the Rebel sh.e.l.ls. The Rebel batteries above them are in a blaze. The stone-wall at the base of the hill is aflame. Barksdale sees the threatening aspect. "I am hard pressed," is his message to Wilc.o.x. "Send me reinforcements." But Gibbon is moving on Wilc.o.x, and the latter cannot respond.
Cool and steady the advance. The hills rain canister. The sunken road is a sheet of flame. But onward into the storm, with a cheer, heard above the roar of battle upon the distant Falmouth hills, they leap into the sunken road and capture the Rebels defending it. They climb the hill. Steep the ascent. They feel the hot breath of the cannon in their faces. Some roll to the bottom of the hill, the lamp of life extinguished forever; but their surviving comrades do not falter. They reach the crest, leap over the breastworks, and seize the guns! Maine, Ma.s.sachusetts, Vermont, New York, and Wisconsin meet in the intrenchments and rend the air with victorious cheers!
Leading a charge.
Barksdale puts spurs to his horse and rides to the rear, leaving half of his brigade and eight guns in the hands of the victors.
Barksdale says:-
"The distance from town to the points a.s.sailed was so short, the attack so suddenly made, and the difficulty of removing troops from one part of the line to another was so great, that it was utterly impossible for either General Wilc.o.x or General Hayes to reach the scene of action in time to afford any a.s.sistance whatever."[37]
There was consternation in the Rebel lines. Early fled down the Telegraph road. Hayes also ran. Wilc.o.x, who was not aware of the disaster, remained in position on Taylor"s Hill, wondering what had happened. Had Sedgwick known his position, the whole of Wilc.o.x"s brigade might have been captured; but it required time to reform the lines, and Wilc.o.x made his escape.
Long and loud and joyous were the shouts of the victors. The stronghold had been wrested from the Rebels at last.
It was Sunday noon. Hooker had just fallen back from Chancellorsville, and the Rebels were rejoicing over their success, when a messenger reached Lee with the tidings of disaster. Fredericksburg was lost, after all. It must be recovered, or the victory at Chancellorsville would be only a disastrous defeat.
Sedgwick telegraphed his success to Hooker.
"Move and attack Lee in rear," was Hooker"s order.
Lee sent McLaws to hold Sedgwick in check. The time had come when Hooker should have a.s.sumed the offensive. The First Corps had arrived, but had taken no part in the battle. The Third Corps, Meade"s, was in good condition; so was the Second, Hanc.o.c.k"s, although it had fought during the forenoon. Barlow"s brigade of the Eleventh was fresh; the Twelfth had fought bravely, had lost heavily, but was not demoralized. The Third Corps had suffered most of all, yet it could be relied upon for another contest. The withdrawal of McLaws left Lee"s line thin towards Fredericksburg, the place to break through, and open communication with Sedgwick. The hour had come when he ought not to stand longer on the defensive, but gathering his forces in ma.s.s overwhelm Lee by a sudden and mighty onset. It was an auspicious moment,-a golden opportunity, such as does not often come to military commanders. But having formed his plan of fighting a defensive battle, he did not depart from it, and lost the victory which lay within his grasp.
Sedgwick having carried the heights of Fredericksburg, instead of following Early down the Telegraph road, made preparations to move towards Chancellorsville, and join Hooker.
Wilc.o.x, meanwhile, brought two of Huger"s rifle-guns into position near Dr. Taylor"s house, and opened fire. He also threw out his skirmishers, made a display of his force, and looked round to see what could be done to escape from his perilous position. Sedgwick brought up a battery, and moved forward his lines. Wilc.o.x fled, and succeeded, by rapid marching under the shelter of a pine thicket, in gaining the plank-road, near Salem Church, where he was joined by General McLaws, and where also Barksdale rallied his troops.
The church is a brick building, without any steeple, standing on the south side of the road, about four miles out from Fredericksburg, and about a mile and a half south of the Rappahannock at Banks"s Ford. There was an oak grove near the church, and in front of it an open field, but west of it there were thick woods, which effectually concealed the Rebels. It was about five o"clock in the afternoon when Sedgwick advanced up the plank-road, with Brooks"s division in the road, Newton north of it, and Howe on the south side. Sedgwick"s skirmishers sent back word that the Rebels were in strong force in the woods. At the same moment the Rebel batteries opened fire. One of their first sh.e.l.ls killed a mounted orderly and his horse, and wounded Captain Reed, of General Brooks"s staff.
Sedgwick brought up his artillery and commenced a fire upon the church, and the woods beyond it. Wilc.o.x had formed his line across the plank-road. His sharpshooters were in the church. He had four pieces of artillery in the road and on each side of it. He also threw a company of sharpshooters into a school-house near the church. Kershaw"s and Wofford"s brigades were on the right of the road; Semmes"s and Mahone"s on the other side. Sedgwick"s batteries were in position near the toll-gate, and so accurate and destructive was the fire of his guns that the Rebel batteries by the church were driven from their position. Russell"s and Bartlett"s brigades moved forward to rout the enemy from the woods, Sedgwick supposing there was but a small force to oppose him. The advance was over ground slightly ascending, through an open field, towards the woods, where the Rebel skirmishers were lying. It is a narrow belt of woods. Behind it were the church and school-house, and beyond the church the woods where the main body of the Rebels were lying. They drove the skirmishers from the belt of woods, halted a moment to reform their lines, gave three cheers, charged through the grove, routing the Rebels there concealed. They surrounded the school-house, captured the entire company of the Ninth Alabama stationed in it, put to flight a regiment lying behind the house.[38] But the remainder of the Ninth Alabama, with other regiments, came to the rescue, succeeded in recapturing a portion of their comrades, and forced Russell and Bartlett to retire.
It was now nearly six o"clock in the afternoon, and till night set in there was heavy fighting along the whole line. Wilc.o.x and Semmes several times advanced upon Sedgwick, but were repulsed. So far as numbers were concerned the contest was about equal. But the Rebels were on commanding ground, and protected by the woods, while Sedgwick was in the open field. In this contest Wilc.o.x lost four hundred and ninety-five men. He had six officers killed and twenty-three wounded. Semmes lost six hundred and eighty-three killed and wounded, Wafford five hundred and sixty-two. The whole loss of the Rebels in the fight at Salem Church was nearly two thousand. Sedgwick, instead of advancing again, waited for the Rebels to attack him, but they did not choose to come out from their strong position in the woods, and try it a second time in the field. Thus the day closed.