Fifty men are gathered round a summer-house,-warm-hearted men, who have been all day in the hospitals. Their hearts have been wrung by the scenes of suffering, in the exercise of Christian charity, imitating the example of the Redeemer of men. They have dispensed food for the body and nourishment for the soul. They have given cups of cold water in the name of Jesus, and prayed with those departing to the Silent Land. The moonlight shimmers through the leaves of the locusts, as they meet at that evening hour to worship G.o.d
The little congregation breaks into singing,-
"Come, thou fount of every blessing."
After the hymn, a chaplain says, "Brethren, I had service this afternoon in the First Division hospital of the Second Corps. The surgeon in charge, before prayer, asked all who desired to be prayed for to raise their hands, and nearly every man who had a hand raised it. Let us remember them in our prayers to-night."
A man in the summer-house, so far off that I cannot distinguish him, says,-
"Every man in the Second Division of the Sixth Corps hospital raised his hand for prayers to-night."
There are earnest supplications that G.o.d will bless them; that they may have patience; that Jesus will pillow their heads upon his breast, relieve their sufferings, soothe their sorrows, wipe away all their tears, heal their wounds; that he will remember the widow and the fatherless, far away, moaning for the loved and lost.
Another hymn,-
"Jesus, lover of my soul, Let me to thy bosom fly,"
and the delegates return to their work of mercy.
At Spottsylvania there were constant skirmishing and artillery-firing through the 13th, and a moving of the army from the north to the east of the Court-House. A rain-storm set in. The roads became heavy, and a contemplated movement-a sudden flank attack-was necessarily abandoned.
There was a severe skirmish on the 14th, incessant picket-firing on the 15th, and on the 16th another engagement all along the line,-not fought with the fierceness of that of the 12th, but lasting through the forenoon, and resulting in the taking of a line of rifle-pits from the enemy.
On Wednesday, the 18th, there was an a.s.sault upon Lee"s outer line of works. Two lines of rifle-pits were carried; but an impa.s.sable abatis prevented farther advance, and after a six hours" struggle the troops were withdrawn.
On the afternoon of the 19th Ewell gained the rear of Grant"s right flank, and came suddenly upon Tyler"s division of heavy artillery, armed as infantry, just arrived upon the field. Though surprised, they held the enemy in check, forced him back, and with aid from the Second Corps compelled him to retreat with great loss. This attack was made to cover Lee"s withdrawal to the North Anna. His troops were already on the march.
Grant was swift to follow.
It is a two days" march from Spottsylvania to the North Anna. The crossings of the Mattapony were held by Rebel cavalry, which was quickly driven. Then came the gallant crossing of the Fifth Corps at Jericho Ford, the irresistible charge of Birney and Barlow of the Second Corps at Taylor"s Bridge, the sweeping-in of five hundred prisoners, the severe engagements lasting three days,-all memorable events, worthy of prominence in a full history of the campaign.
North Anna.
The North Anna is a rapid stream, with high banks. East of Taylor"s bridge, towards s.e.xton"s Junction, there is an extensive swamp, but westward the country is rolling. It was supposed that Lee would make a stubborn resistance at the crossings, but at Jericho Warren found only a few pickets upon the southern bank. A pontoon was laid and two divisions sent over; but moving towards the railroad a mile, they encountered Hood"s and Pickett"s divisions of Ewell"s corps. The cannonade was heavy and the musketry sharp, mainly between Cutler"s command and Ewell"s, lasting till dark.
It is about two miles from Jericho crossing to the railroad, the point for which the right wing was aiming.
"I reckon that our troops didn"t expect you to come this way," said Mr. Quarles, a citizen residing on the north bank, with whom I found accommodation for the night.
"I suppose you didn"t expect Grant to get this side of the Wilderness?"
"We heard that he was retreating towards Fredericksburg," was the response.
He was the owner of a saw-mill. Timber was wanted for the construction of a bridge. His mill was out of repair, but there were men in the Union army accustomed to run saw-mills, and an hour was sufficient to put the machinery in order for the manufacture of lumber. It was amusing to see the soldiers lay down their guns, take up the crowbar, roll the logs into the mill, adjust the saw, hoist the gate, and sit upon the log while the saw was cutting its way. The owner of the mill looked on in disgust, as his lumber was thus freely handled.
In the first advance from Jericho bridge, the force was repulsed. The Rebels of Ewell"s command came on with confidence, to drive the retreating troops into the river; but Warren had taken the precaution to place his smooth-bore guns on a hillock, south of the stream, while his rifled pieces were on the north side, in position, to give a cross-fire with the smooth-bores. When the Rebels came within reach of this concentrated fire they were almost instantly checked. It was no time to rush on, or to stand still and deliberate; they fled, uncovering the railroad, to which the Sixth advanced, tearing up the track and burning the depot. In the centre, the Ninth Corps had a severe fight, resulting in considerable loss.
It is two miles from Jericho bridge to Carmel Church, which stands in a beautiful grove of oaks. While the troops were resting beneath the trees, waiting for the order to move, a chaplain entered the church and proposed to hold religious service.
The soldiers manifested their pleasure, kneeled reverently during the prayer, and listened with tearful eyes to the exhortations which followed.
It was inspiring to hear them sing,
"Come, sing to me of heaven, When I"m about to die; Sing songs of holy ecstasy, To waft my soul on high."
At dark on the evening of the 25th of May, I rode along the lines of the Second Corps to take a look at the Rebels. There was a steady fire of artillery. One battery of the Rebels had full sweep of the plain, and the sh.e.l.ls were flying merrily. A thunder-storm was rising. The lightning was vivid and incessant. My head-quarters for the night were to be with a surgeon attached to the First Division of the Ninth Corps, several miles distant. The dense black clouds rising in the west made the night intensely dark, except when the lightning-flashes gleamed along the sky. It was a scene of sublime grandeur: heaven"s artillery in play,-the heavy peals of thunder, mingling with the roar of the battle-field! After an hour"s ride through pine thickets, over old corn-fields, half-blinded by the lightning, I reached the quarters of my friend the surgeon, whose tent was just then being packed into the wagon for a night march to a new position. The storm was close at hand, and together we fled for shelter to a neighboring cabin. I had barely time to fasten my horse and enter the door before the storm was upon us.
Bayonet charge.
The house was built of logs, c.h.i.n.ked with mud, contained two rooms about fifteen feet square, and was occupied by a colored family.
Others had fled for shelter to the hospitable roof. I found congregated there for the night nine surgeons, three hospital nurses, a delegate of the Christian Commission, two soldiers, two colored women, a colored man, three children. The colored people had taken their only pig into the house, to save the animal from being killed by the soldiers, and had tied it to the bed-post. Their poultry-half a dozen fowls-was imprisoned under a basket. The rain fell in torrents throughout the night. Finding a place under the table for my head, with my overcoat for a pillow, and thrusting my legs under the bed which was occupied by three surgeons, I pa.s.sed the night, and thought myself much more highly favored than the forty or fifty who came to the door, but only to find a full hotel.
Instead of trying to walk over the obstacle in his path, Grant decided to go round it. Stealing a march upon Lee, he moved suddenly southeast, crossed the Pamunkey at Hanover Town, opened a new base of supplies at White House, forcing Lee to fall back on the Chickahominy.
On Sunday, the 29th, a great cavalry engagement took place at Hawes"s shop, west of Hanover Town, in which Sheridan drove the Rebels back upon Bethesda Church. The army came into position on the 30th, its right towards Hanover Court-House. Lee was already in position, and during the day there was firing all along the line. All the corps were engaged. The Second Corps by the Shelton House, by a bayonet-charge pushed the enemy from the outer line of works which he had thrown up, while the Fifth Corps rolled back, with terrible slaughter, the ma.s.s of men which came upon its flank and front at Bethesda Church. At Cold Harbor, the Sixth, joined by the Eighteenth Army Corps, under Major-General W. F. Smith, from Bermuda Hundred, met Longstreet and Breckenridge, and troops from Beauregard. Sheridan had seized this important point,-important because of the junction of roads,-and held it against cavalry and infantry till the arrival of the Fifth and Eighteenth. The point secured, a new line of battle was formed on the 1st of June. The Ninth held the right of Bethesda Church; the Fifth was south of the church, joining the Eighteenth; the Sixth held the road from Cold Harbor to Gaines"s Mills; while the Second was thrown out on the left, on the road leading to Despatch Station and the Chickahominy.
June, 1864.
In the campaign of 1862, Cold Harbor was General McClellan"s head-quarters while he was on the north bank of the Chickahominy, and Jackson, when he advanced to attack Fitz John Porter, marched down the road over which Grant moved, to that locality. It is a place of one house,-an old tavern standing at a crossing of roads, twelve miles from Richmond. The most direct route to the city runs past Gaines"s Mills, where the first of the series of battles was fought before Richmond, in the seven days" contest. Jackson"s head-quarters were at Cold Harbor during that engagement.
The general position of the two armies in Grant"s battles at Cold Harbor is indicated by the accompanying diagram.
Cold Harbor.
A huge catalpa stands in front of the old tavern, where in the peaceful days of the Old Dominion travellers rested their horses beneath the grateful shade, while they drank their toddy at the tavern bar. Two great battles were fought there by Grant, the first in the evening of the 1st of June, the second on the evening of the 3d.
There is a line of breastworks west of the house, a few rods distant, behind which Russell"s division of the Sixth Corps is lying. The road to Despatch Station runs due south; the road to New Cold Harbor southwest, the road to Bethesda Church northwest. In the battle fought on the 1st instant, Neil was east of the road leading to Despatch Station, Russell west of the house, and Ricketts northwest.
Pa.s.sing toward the right one mile, we come to the house of Daniel Woody, which is in rear of the right of the line of the Eighteenth. It is the head-quarters of General Martindale, who commands the right division of the line. Next is Brooks"s division in the centre, with Devens on the left, connecting with Ricketts"s on the right of the Sixth.
There is a clear s.p.a.ce west of Woody"s house, a cornfield lately planted, but now trodden by the feet of Martindale"s men. In front of Brooks there is a gentle swell of land, wooded with pines. On the crest of the hill there is a line of Rebel rifle-pits. In front of Devens the swell is smoothed to a plain, or rather there is a depression, as if the hillock had been scooped out of the plain. This also is wooded. The belt of timber stretches over the plain, crossing the road to Gaines"s Mill, about half a mile from the tavern,-a dark strip of green twenty or thirty rods in width. Beyond the belt toward Richmond is a smooth field, half a mile in width, bounded on the farther edge, under the shadow of another belt of green, by the line of Beauregard"s breastworks. The line of Rebel defence runs diagonally to the road, the distance being less between Ricketts and the work than on the left in front of Neil. This plain is swept by Rebel cannon and thousands of rifles and muskets.
It was past six o"clock-nearly seven-before the troops were in position to move upon the enemy"s works. They marched through the woods, emerged upon the open field The Rebel batteries opened with redoubled fury, but the line advanced steadily. Devens found the depression in front of him almost a marsh, with trees felled, forming an abatis; but his men pa.s.sed through, and again came into line. Burnham"s brigade, of Brooks"s division, containing the Tenth and Thirteenth New Hampshire, Eighth Connecticut, and One Hundred and Eighteenth New York, charged up the hill in front, and took the rifle-pits above them. Ricketts, having less distance to advance than the other divisions of the Sixth, was soonest in the fight, sweeping all before him. Before the Rebels could reload their pieces after the first volley the bayonets of the advancing columns, gleaming in the light of the setting sun, were at their throats. Half a brigade was taken prisoners, while the rest of the Rebels in front of Ricketts fled in disorder.
Russell moving along the road received an enfilading fire from artillery and musketry. The Rebels having recovered from their panic, held on with stubbornness. The broad plain over which Russell moved was fringed with fire. From dark till past ten o"clock Breckenridge tried in vain to recover what he had lost.
The loss was severe to us in killed and wounded. But it was a victory, so signal that a congratulatory order was issued by General Meade to the Sixth Corps.
Lying beneath the ever-moaning pines, with the star-lit heavens for a tent, I listened to the sounds of the battle,-steady, monotonous, like the surf on the beach. An hour"s sleep, and still it was rolling in. But all things must have an end. Near midnight it died away, and there was only the chirping of the cricket, the unvarying note of the whip-poor-will, and the wind swaying the stately trees around me. Peaceful all around; but ah! beyond those forest belts were the suffering heroes, parched with thirst, fevered with the fight, bleeding for their country. How shall we thank them? How shall we reward them? What estimate shall we place upon their work? O friends, as you recall this sacrifice, let your hearts warm with devotion to your country. Do honor to the n.o.ble dead, and forget not the living,-the widow and the fatherless.
The battle of the 3d of June was obstinate and b.l.o.o.d.y, and resulted in great loss to Grant. The artillery firing was constant through the forenoon, but Lee was too strongly entrenched to be driven.
As soon as there was a lull in the roar of battle, I improved the opportunity to visit the hospitals. There were long lines of ambulances bringing in the wounded, who were laid beneath the trees. Unconscious men were upon the tables, helpless in the hands of the surgeons,-to wake from a dreamless sleep with a limb gone, a bleeding stump of a leg or arm. Horrid the gashes where jagged iron had cut through the flesh, severing arteries and tendons in an instant. Heads, hands, legs, and arms mangled and dripping with blood,-human blood! There were moans, low murmurings, wrenched from the men against their wills. Men were babbling, in their delirium, of other scenes,-dim recollections, which were momentary realities. To be with them and not do for them,-to see suffering without power to alleviate,-gives painful tension to nerves, even though one may be familiar with scenes of carnage.
I turned from the scene all but ready to say, "Anything to stay this terrible destruction of human life." But there were other thoughts,-of retributive justice,-of sighs and groans, scourged backs, broken hearts, partings of mothers from their children,-the coffle train, and the various horrors of the accursed system of slavery, the cause of all this "wounding and hurt." I remembered that it was a contest between eternal right and infernal wrong; that He who is of infinite love and tenderness in His war against rebellion, spared not his only begotten Son;-and thus consoled and strengthened, I could wish the contest to go on till victory should crown our efforts, and a permanent peace be the inheritance of our children.