It was pitiable to walk round his farm in the morning, to see everywhere the last stages of decay,-poor, worn-out lands, broken-down fences, weedy fields, pastures without a blade of gra.s.s, leafless orchards, old buildings,-everything a wreck; and yet to know that he was wedded to the very inst.i.tution which was reducing the country to a wilderness. He was not an owner of the estate, but a rentee. He paid one hundred and fifty dollars rental for three hundred acres of land, and yet confessed that he was growing poorer year by year. Tobacco, corn, and oats were the only crops. He could get no manure. He could make no hay. He kept two cows, but made no b.u.t.ter. The land was being exhausted, and he did not know what he should come to. All energy and life were gone; we saw only a family struggling against fate, and yet clinging with a death-grapple to the system that was precipitating their ruin.
"Why do you not go to Illinois?"
"O, sir, I am too old to move. Besides, this is home."
We pictured the boundless resources of the West, the fertile lands, the opportunities for bettering his condition, but our words fell upon an inert mind. As a last argument, we said: "You have a large family of daughters. In Illinois there are thousands of young men wanting wives, who will make good husbands. There are few young men here, but good homes await your daughters there."
There were blushes, smiles, and sparkling eyes from the "sacred nine." My fellow-correspondent of the Chicago Tribune then drew a florid picture of the West,-of the need of the State for such good-looking, virtuous ladies. His eloquence was persuasive. One of the daughters wanted to know how far it was to Illinois; but when informed that it was a thousand miles, her countenance fell. Bliss so far away was unattainable.
We pa.s.sed a second night with our host, who, during our absence, sent one of the servants a dozen miles to obtain some b.u.t.ter, so courteous an entertainer was he. Yet he was struggling with poverty. He kept three slaves to wait upon his nine grown-up unmarried daughters, who were looking out upon a dark future. There was not a single gleam of light before them. They could not work, or, at the best, their work was of trifling account. What would become of them? That was the one question ever haunting the father.
"Why do you keep your slaves? they are a bill of cost to you every year," we said.
"I know it. They are lazy, shiftless, and they will steal, notwithstanding they have enough to eat and wear; but then I reckon I couldn"t get along without them very well. Sam is an excellent groom, and Joe is a good ploughman. He can do anything if he has a mind to; but he is lazy, like all the rest. I reckon that I couldn"t get along without him, though."
"Your sons can groom your horses and do your ploughing."
"Yes; but then they like to fish and hunt, you know; and you can"t expect them to do the work of the servants."
The secret was out. Slavery made labor dishonorable.
Conversing with another farmer about the negroes, he said: "They steal all they can lay their hands on; and since the Yankee troops have been in camp round here, they are ten times as bad as they used to be. My chickens are fast disappearing. The officers buy them, I reckon."
We thought it quite likely; for having pa.s.sed several days in General Hooker"s division, we could bear testimony to the excellent fare of the officers" mess,-chickens served in all the various forms known to culinary art. It was convenient for officers thus to supply themselves with poultry. Of course the slave would say that he was the lawful owner of the poultry. Why should he have any compunctions of conscience about disposing of the chickens roosting on his master"s apple-trees, when his labor, his life, his happiness, his children,-all his rights were stolen from him by his master? If the sword cut in one direction, why not in another?
A few days later, in November, we visited Annapolis, a quaint old city. The streets all centre at the State-House and St. John"s Church. There are antiquated houses with mossy roofs, bra.s.s knockers on the doors, which were built two hundred years ago. We were carried back to the time of the Revolution, when Annapolis was in its glory.
One would suppose, in walking past the substantial stone mansions, that the owners were living at ease, in quiet and seclusion; that they had notes, mortgages, and bonds laid by for a rainy day: but a fair outside does not always indicate health within. In many of those old mansions, grand in proportion, elaborate with cornice, there was nothing but famine. How strong is aristocratic pride! Poverty cannot subdue it. Men and women lived there sorely pressed to keep up even a threadbare appearance, who, before the war, held soul and body together by raising negroes for the Southern market, and by waiting upon the a.s.sembly when in session. They would have deemed it degrading to hold social intercourse with a mason or a blacksmith, or with any one compelled to earn his bread by the sweat of his brow. In poverty they nursed their pride. The castes of Hindostan were hardly more distinct. It is easy to see how a community can become lifeless under such a state of society. The laboring men had gone away,-to the West, to Baltimore, or to localities where it is not a crime to work for a livelihood. In consequence, enterprise had died, property had depreciated, and the entire place had become poverty-stricken.
Nov., 1861.
On the succeeding Sunday I was in Washington, where a superintendent of one of the Sabbath schools was spending a portion of the hour in singing. Among other songs was Rev. S. F. Smith"s national hymn,-
"My country, "tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty."
Among the persons present were three ladies, members of a family sympathizing with secession. With unmistakable signs of disgust, they at once left the house!
Not only at church, but in the army, the spirit of slavery was rampant. The Hutchinson family visited Washington. They solicited permission from the Secretary of War, Mr. Cameron, to visit the camps in Virginia and sing songs to the soldiers, to relieve the tedious monotony of camp life. Their request was granted, and their intentions cordially commended by the Secretary; and, being thus indorsed, received General McClellan"s pa.s.s. Their songs have ever been of freedom. They were welcomed by the soldiers. But there were officers in the service who believed in slavery, who had been taught in Northern pulpits that it was a divinely appointed, beneficent inst.i.tution of Almighty G.o.d. Information was given to General McClellan that the Hutchinsons were poisoning the minds of the troops by singing Abolition songs; and their career as free concert givers to the patriotic soldiers was suddenly ended by the following order from head-quarters:-
"By direction of Major-General McClellan, the permit given to the Hutchinson family to sing in the camps, and their pa.s.s to cross the Potomac, are revoked, and they will not be allowed to sing to the troops."
Far from the noise and strife of war, on the banks of the Merrimack, lived the poet of Peace and of Freedom, whose songs against oppression and wrong have sunk deep into the hearts of the people. Whittier heard of the expulsion of the Hutchinsons, and as if inspired by a spirit divine, wrote the
"EIN FESTE BURG IST UNSER GOTT.[3]
"We wait beneath the furnace-blast The pangs of transformation; Not painlessly doth G.o.d recast And mould anew the nation.
Hot burns the fire Where wrongs expire; Nor spares the hand That from the land Uproots the ancient evil.
"The hand-breadth cloud the sages feared Its b.l.o.o.d.y rain is dropping; The poison plant the fathers spared All else is overtopping.
East, West, South, North.
It curses the earth; All justice dies, And fraud and lies Live only in its shadow.
"What gives the wheat-field blades of steel?
What points the rebel cannon?
What sets the roaring rabble"s heel On the old star-spangled pennon?
What breaks the oath Of the men o" the South?
What whets the knife For the Union"s life?- Hark to the answer: Slavery!
"Then waste no blows on lesser foes In strife unworthy freemen.
G.o.d lifts to-day the veil, and shows The features of the demon!
O North and South, Its victims both, Can ye not cry, "Let slavery die!"
And union find in freedom?
"What though the cast-out spirit tear The nation in his going?
We who have shared the guilt must share The pang of his o"erthrowing!
Whate"er the loss, Whate"er the cross, Shall they complain Of present pain Who trust in G.o.d"s hereafter?
"For who that leans on His right arm Was ever yet forsaken?
What righteous cause can suffer harm If He its part has taken?
Though wild and loud And dark the cloud, Behind its folds His hand upholds The calm sky of to-morrow!
"Above the maddening cry for blood, Above the wild war-drumming, Let Freedom"s voice be heard, with good The evil overcoming.
Give prayer and purse To stay the Curse Whose wrong we share, Whose shame we bear, Whose end shall gladden Heaven!
"In vain the bells of war shall ring Of triumphs and revenges, While still is spared the evil thing That severs and estranges.
But blest the ear That yet shall hear The jubilant bell That rings the knell Of Slavery forever!
"Then let the selfish lip be dumb, And hushed the breath of sighing; Before the joy of peace must come The pains of purifying.
G.o.d give us grace Each in his place To bear his lot, And, murmuring not, Endure and wait and labor!
The expulsion of the Hutchinsons, with Whittier"s ringing words, stirred people"s thoughts. A change was gradually taking place in men"s opinions. The negroes were beginning to show themselves useful. A detachment of the Thirteenth Ma.s.sachusetts, commanded by Major Gould, was stationed on the upper Potomac. A negro slave, belonging in Winchester, came into the lines. He was intelligent, cautious, shrewd, and loyal. Major Gould did not return him to his master, but asked him if he would go back and ascertain the whereabouts of Stonewall Jackson. The negro readily a.s.sented. He was supplied with packages of medicine, needles, thread, and other light articles greatly needed in the South. With these he easily pa.s.sed the Rebel pickets: "Been out to get "em for ma.s.sa," was his answer when questioned by the Rebels. Thus he pa.s.sed repeatedly into the Rebel lines, obtaining information which was transmitted to Washington.
He had great influence with the slaves.
"They are becoming restless," said he, "but I tells "em that they must be quiet. I says to "em, keep yer eyes wide open and pray for de good time comin". I tells "em if de Souf whip, it is all night wid yer; but if de Norf whip, it is all day wid yer."
"Do they believe it?" Major Gould asked.
"Yes, ma.s.sa, all believe it. The black men am all wid yer, only some of "em isn"t berry well informed; but dey is all wid yer. Ma.s.sa tinks dey isn"t wid yer, but dey is."
How sublime the picture!-a slave counselling his fellow bondmen to keep quiet and wait till G.o.d should give them deliverance!
Among the many Rebel ministers who had done what they could to precipitate the rebellion was a Presbyterian minister in the vicinity of Charlestown, Virginia. It was his custom, after closing his sermon, to invite the young men to enlist in the regiments then forming. On one of these occasions he made an address in which he gave utterance to the following sentiment: "If it is necessary to defend Southern inst.i.tutions and Southern rights, I will wade up to my shoulders in blood!" This was brave; but the time came when the chivalry of the parson was put to the test. When the Rebels were routed at Bolivar, he, not being mounted on so fleet a horse as those of his flock who had given heed to his counsels and joined the cavalry, found himself left behind. A bullet lodged in the body of his horse prevented escape. He then tried his own legs, but soon found himself in the hands of the soldiers, who brought him to head-quarters. He at once claimed protection of Major Gould on the most extraordinary grounds. He had read the poems of Hannah Gould, and presumed that Major Gould, hailing from Ma.s.sachusetts, must be her kinsman. When confronted with the Major he promptly exclaimed, "Major, I have read the poems of Miss Hannah Gould, and admire them; presuming that she is a relative of yours, I claim your protection and consideration."
The Major replied that he had not the honor to be a relative of that gifted lady, but that he should accord him all the consideration due to those who had rebelled against the peace and dignity of the United States, and had been taken with arms in their hands. He was marched off with the others and placed under guard.
Slavery was strongly intrenched in the capital of the nation. Congress had abolished it in the District of Columbia, but it still remained.
Said a friend to me one morning, "Are you aware that the Washington jail is full of slaves?" I could not believe that slaves were then confined there for no crime; but at once procured a pa.s.s from a senator to visit the jail, and was admitted through the iron gateway of one of the vilest prisons in the world. The air was stifled, fetid, and malarious.