"No, sir; I should not."
"That is my mind "zactly. I knew you was a good Union man the moment I sot my eyes on ye." Then came an interesting explanation. He had one slave, a devoted fellow, who had become an active conductor on the underground railroad. The slave had been often to Evansville and knew the country, and had enticed away ten negroes belonging to the Secessionists in the vicinity of Hopkinsville. He had seen them all that morning, and more, had given each of them a hearty breakfast! "You see," said he, "if they belonged to Union men I would have sent "em back; but they belonged to the ---Secessionists who have driven me out, taken all my property, and do you think I"d be mean enough to send the n.i.g.g.e.rs back?"
On board the Storm were several other men who had been driven from their homes by the Secessionists. There was one gentleman, a slaveholder from the little town of Volney, between Hopkinsville and the c.u.mberland River. All of his property had been taken, his negroes, if they were not sold or seized, were roaming at will. He had two brothers in the Rebel army. He was a plain, sensible, well-informed farmer. He lived close upon the Tennessee line, and was acquainted with the Southern country.
"Slavery is a doomed inst.i.tution," said he; "from Kentucky, from Missouri, from Maryland and Virginia the slaves have been pouring southward. There has been a great condensation of slaves at the South where they are not wanted, and where they cannot be supported if the blockade continues. The South never has raised its own provisions. She could do it if she put forth her energies; but she never has and she will not now. The time will come, if the blockade continues, when the master will be compelled to say to the slaves, "Get your living where you can," and then the system, being rolled back upon itself, will be broken up. As for myself, I would like to have kept my slaves, because I am getting along in years and I wanted them to take care of me; but as the Secessionists have taken them and driven me out, it won"t make any difference to me whether the system is continued or not."
It is utterly impossible to convey to a New-Englander who has never crossed the Hudson a correct idea of a Kentucky country village, like that of Calhoun, as seen from the deck of the steamer Storm, in the light of a beautiful morning, so mild and spring-like that the robins, bluebirds, jays, pewits, and sparrows were filling the air with their songs, having returned from their sojourn in a Southern clime. A sentinel was plashing through the mud along the bank, guarding the ferry to the town of Rumsey, on the opposite side of the river. The bank rises abruptly into the main street of the town. First we have the McLean House, the first-cla.s.s hotel of the place,-a wooden building two stories high, containing six or eight rooms. There is beyond it one brick building, then a number of smaller buildings containing a couple of rooms each, and forty rods distant a church, respectable in style and proportions. The land is undulating, and on the hillsides there are dwellings, a half-dozen of which you might call comfortable. The original forest oaks are still standing. A creek or bayou runs through the town, the receptacle of all the filth generated by ten thousand men, and thousands of mules, horses, and hogs.
Rumsey, on the opposite side of the river, is of smaller dimensions. Years ago it was a "right smart" town, but business has disappeared. The people have also gone, and now one sees a row of windowless, doorless, deserted houses, soaked in every flood of waters.
Visiting the "first cla.s.s" hotel of the place, we sat down in the parlor or reception-room, or whatever room it was, while the cook prepared breakfast. It was also the landlord"s bed-room, occupied by himself and wife.
Calling upon the landlord for a place for toilet operations, we were invited into the kitchen which was also the dining-room and pantry and Jim"s bed-room,-Jim being a tall negro, who just now is washing dishes, with a tin pan of hot water, and without any soap. Dinah is rolling biscuit, and tending the hoe-cake, which is cooking nicely on the stove. There is the flour-barrel close at hand. There is one dinner-pot, with two kettles, a pail of water, a lantern, the pepper-box, a dish of fat, a plate of b.u.t.ter, and a great heap of tin dishes on the table, where Dinah is moulding the biscuit, while Jim occupies the other end. The dining-table stands in the centre of the room. The plates are laid, and the whole is covered with a blue cloth, which at first sight seems to be a soldier"s blanket, and which upon close inspection leaves us still in doubt whether it is a table-cloth or a bed-coverlet. There are some chairs, and an old desk which has lost its lid, in which are nails, a hammer, some old papers, and a deal of dust. It evidently "came down from a former generation."
We have time to notice these things while the landlord is preparing for our washing exploit, which is to be performed near Jim, with a basin on a chair.
Then we have breakfast,-beefsteak and porksteak, and buckwheat cakes, all fried in lard, sausages, potatoes, Dinah"s hoe-cakes, hot flour biscuit, and a dish of hash, which will not go down at all, and coffee without milk, preferred to the water of Green River, which in its natural state is somewhat the color of yellow snuff, and which is drank by the inhabitants of Calhoun, notwithstanding thousands of horses are stabled on its banks.
There was no movement of the troops, therefore nothing to detain us at Calhoun, and knowing that there was something of interest up the c.u.mberland and Tennessee rivers, we went on board the Mattie Cook, the downward-bound steamer. While waiting for her departure we gazed at the sights upon the sh.o.r.e. There was a great deal of life,-wagons, soldiers, citizens floundering through the mud to the landing, transporting goods. There were ludicrous scenes of men and teams stuck in the mortar-bed; but in the midst of life there was death. A squad of soldiers came down from camp to the hospital with a bier, and with the slow funeral dirge brought two of their comrades to the boat,-two who had just pa.s.sed from the scenes of strife on earth to the eternal peace beyond. Those who bore them were by no means unaffected by the part they were called upon to perform. There were sad countenances, too, on board the boat,-two ladies, both strangers to the dead, but not indifferent to the scene. They had woman"s tender sensibilities, and could not keep back the tears from their eyes, for they thought of their own sons whom they had just left, and who now stood upon the bank to say perhaps a last good-by.
But how transitory are all the most solemn impressions of death! Ten minutes later a company of soldiers appeared for a trip down the river to Stevensport to bag, if possible, the squad of Rebels which had been prowling about the town of Stevensport. They came on board with a hurrah, and made the welkin ring with the "Red, White, and Blue." It was a pleasure to them to leave the hateful place even for a night, and be in active service.
Baltimore in 1861.
CHAPTER VI.
THE OPENING OF THE CAMPAIGN IN TENNESSEE.
Feb., 1862.
At last the Rebel lines were broken. Commodore Foote had opened a gateway to the heart of the Confederacy by the capture of Fort Henry on the 6th of February. While up Green River I learned of the intended movement, and hastened to be present, but was delayed between Evansville and Paducah, and was not in season to see the engagement.
Late on the Friday evening after I saw Commodore Foote in Cairo. He had just returned from Fort Henry.
"Can you favor me with an account of the affair?" I asked.
"It will give me great pleasure to do so after I have prepared my despatches for Washington," he replied.
It was past midnight when he came to my room. He sat down, and leaned back wearily in his chair. But soon recovering his usual energy, gave the full details of the action. He had prepared his instructions to his crews several days before the battle, and upon mature thought, saw nothing to change.
To the commanders and crews he said, that it was very necessary to success that they should keep cool. He desired them to fire with deliberate aim, and not to attempt rapid firing, for four reasons, viz. that with rapid firing there was always a waste of ammunition; that their range would be wild; that the enemy would be encouraged unless the fire was effectual; that it was desirable not to heat the guns.
With these instructions he led his fleet up the narrow channel under cover of Pine Island, thus avoiding long-range shot from the rifled guns which it was known the enemy had in position to sweep the main channel. He steamed slow, to allow the troops time to gain their position.
He visited each vessel and gave personal directions. He took his own position in the pilot-house of the Cincinnati. The St. Louis was on his right hand and the Carondelet and Ess.e.x were on his left, with the Tyler, Connestoga, and Lexington in rear. There is an island a mile and a quarter below the fort. When the head of the island was reached the boats came into line and were within easy range.
"Do just as I do," was his last order to the commanders.
The Cincinnati opened, and the other vessels were quick to follow the Commodore"s example.
"I had a definite purpose in view," said he, "to take the fort at all hazards. It was necessary for the success of the cause. We have had disaster upon disaster, and I intended, G.o.d helping me, to win a victory. It made me feel bad when I saw the Ess.e.x drop out of the line, but I knew that the fort couldn"t stand it much longer. I should have opened my broadsides in a minute or two, if Tilghman had not surrendered, and that I knew would settle the question. We were not more than four hundred yards distant."
He said that when the Ess.e.x dropped behind the Rebels set up a tremendous cheer, and redoubled their fire; but being excited their aim was bad.
"There is nothing like keeping perfectly cool in battle," said he.
"When Tilghman came into my cabin," said the Commodore, "he asked for terms, but I informed him that his surrender must be final."
"Well, sir, if I must surrender, it gives me pleasure to surrender to so brave an officer as you," said Tilghman.
"You do perfectly right to surrender, sir; but I should not have surrendered on any condition."
"Why so? I do not understand you."
"Because I was fully determined to capture the fort or go to the bottom."
The Rebel general opened his eyes at this remark, but replied, "I thought I had you, Commodore, but you were too much for me."
"But how could you fight against the old flag?"
"Well, it did come hard at first; but if the North had only let us alone there would have been no trouble. But they would not abide by the Const.i.tution."
"You are mistaken, sir. The North has maintained all of her Const.i.tutional obligations. You of the South have perjured yourselves. I talked to him faithfully," said the zealous officer.
The Commodore was now nervously restless, but said: "I never slept better in my life than I did the night before going into the battle, and I never prayed more fervently than I did yesterday morning, that G.o.d would bless the undertaking, and he has signally answered my prayer. I don"t deserve it, but I trust that I shall be grateful for it. But I couldn"t sleep last night for thinking of those poor fellows on board the Ess.e.x, who were wounded and scalded. I told the surgeons to do everything possible for them. Poor fellows! I must go and see that they are well cared for."
It was one o"clock in the morning, yet exhausted as he was, he went to see that the sufferers were having every possible attention.
This was on Sat.u.r.day morning; the next day he went to church as usual. The minister was not there, and after waiting awhile the audience one by one began to drop off, whereupon Commodore Foote entered the pulpit, and conducted the exercises, reading the fourteenth chapter of John"s Gospel, and addressed the congregation, urging sinners to repentance, picturing the unspeakable love of Christ, and the rewards which await the righteous, and closing the services by a fervent prayer. It was as unostentatious as all his other acts, undertaken with a dutiful desire to benefit those about him, and to glorify G.o.d. That was his aim in life.
The Rebel troops which were in and around Fort Henry fled in dismay soon after the opening of the bombardment, leaving all their camp equipage. In the barracks the camp-fires were still blazing, and dinners cooking, when our troops entered. Books, letters half written, trunks, carpet-bags, knives, pistols, were left behind, and were eagerly seized by the soldiers, who rent the air with shouts of laughter, mingled with the cheers of victory.
Although not present, a letter fell into my hands written by a father in Mississippi to his sons, which gives an insight into the condition of affairs in the Confederacy at that time:-
"Bear Creek, Miss., Dec. 16, 1861.
"To my dear Boys Sammie and Thomas:-
"After a long silence I will tell you some little news. I told C. D. Moore to tell you that paper was very scarce in this wooden world. I went to Vaidere to get this, and was glad to get it at 50 cents per quire.
"The health of our country is pretty good. Crops are very short; corn and cotton-especially cotton-not quite half a crop, though it doesn"t matter, as we can"t get any money for it. For my part I know not what we are to do. I haven"t a red cent. My intention now is to plant only about eight acres in cotton; that will make enough to buy or barter my groceries. I fear, my children, we will not live to see as prosperous a time after this revolution as there was before it. I often think of the language of our Saviour: "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabacthani,"-My G.o.d, my G.o.d, why hast thou forsaken me? I verily believe all this calamity has come upon us for our wickedness. Religion is down like cotton,-not worth much; and by the actions of good brethren it might be bought for a mere trifle, though if we were to judge from its spa.r.s.eness, like salt, it would be worth $40 per sack.
"O my G.o.d, what will become of us? Go, if you please, to the churchyard, and you will hear nothing but secular affairs and war, war! Dull times everywhere. Money scarce; pork high,-10 to 12-1/2 cents per pound; salt the same; coffee $1.50 per pound, and none to be had at that; calico 30 to 50 cents per yard; domestics 20 to 25 cents per yard; sugar 6 to 12-1/2 cents; mola.s.ses 30 to 40 cents, and everything in the same ratio."
The capture of Fort Donelson and the troops defending it, was the first great achievement of the Union armies. The affair at Mill Spring, and the taking of Roanoke Island by Burnside, were important, but minor engagements when compared with the breaking in of the Rebel line of defence on the c.u.mberland and Tennessee. The fighting on Sat.u.r.day, the last day of the series of battles, was desperate and b.l.o.o.d.y. The ground on the right in the morning, when the Rebels moved out and overwhelmed McClernand, was hotly contested. Grant"s lines were so extended and necessarily thin that the Rebels were enabled to push McClernand back nearly two miles. This was done by Pillow and Bushrod Johnson, who gained McClernand"s flank. Buckner, however, who was to strike McClernand"s left, was slow in advancing. Had he moved as rapidly as the other divisions, McClernand would have been utterly routed. It was then that W. H. L. Wallace, of Illinois, showed his great military ability. He had been in the Mexican war, was courageous, and had that power of presence which made every man feel that he was under the eye of his commander. Then, too, General Logan animated his men, and held them in close contact with the Rebels till wounded.
The charge of General C. P. Smith"s division on the left, in the afternoon of Sat.u.r.day, was sublime. General Smith was an old soldier, who had served in Mexico. His hair was long and white, and as he rode along his lines, making arrangements for the advance, he was the most conspicuous of all men on the field. He paid no heed to the rifle and musket b.a.l.l.s which were singing about his ears; he sat firmly on his horse. When his lines were ready, he led them, with his cap on the point of his sword.
It was sunset or nearly that hour, when his division moved to the attack of the outer works, at the southwest angle of the fort. There was a steady advance through an open field,-a rush up the hill,-a cheer,-the rout of Hanson"s brigade of Rebels, the Second Kentucky, Twentieth Mississippi, and Thirtieth Tennessee,-a long, loud shout of triumph, mingled with the roar of cannon, and the rolls of musketry from the fort, pouring upon them a concentrated fire!