[Ill.u.s.tration]
VI
ST. APOLLINAIRE DE VALENCE
Valence, the Valentia of the Romans, is variously supposed to be situated in southeastern France, Provence, and the Cevennes. For this reason it will be difficult for the traveller to locate his guide-book reference thereto.
It is, however, located in the Rhone valley on the very banks of that turgid river, and it seems inexplicable that the makers of the red-covered couriers do not place it more definitely; particularly in that it is historically so important a centre.
The most that can usually be garnered by the curious is that it is "well built in parts, and that those parts only are of interest to the traveller." As a matter of fact, they are nothing of the sort; and the boulevards, of which so much is made, are really very insignificant; so, too, are the cafes and restaurants, to which far more s.p.a.ce is usually given than to the claim of Valence as an early centre of Christianity.
Valence is not a great centre of population, and is appealing by reason of its charming situation, in a sort of amphitheatre, before which runs the swift-flowing Rhone. There is no great squalor, but there is a picturesqueness and charm which is wholly dispelled in the newer quarters, of which the guide-books speak.
There is, moreover, in the cathedral of St. Apollinaire, a small but highly interesting "Romanesque-Auvergnian" cathedral; rebuilt and reconsecrated by Urban II., in the eleventh century, and again reconstructed, on an entirely new plan, in 1604. Besides this curious church there is a "Protestant temple," which occupies the former chapel of the ancient Abbey of St. Rufus, that should have a singularly appealing interest for English-speaking folk.
The prefecture occupies another portion of the abbey, which in its various disintegrated parts is worthy of more than pa.s.sing consideration.
The bishopric was founded here at Valence in the fourth century--when Emelien became the first bishop. The see endures to-day as a suffragan of Avignon; whereas formerly it owed obedience to Vienne (now Lyon et Vienne).
The ancient cathedral of St. Apollinaire is almost wholly conceived and executed in what has come to be known as the Lombard style.
The main body of the church is preceded on the west by an extravagant rectangular tower, beneath which is the portal or entrance; if, as in the present instance, the comprehensive meaning of the word suggests something more splendid than a mere doorway.
There has been remarked before now that there is a suggestion of the Corinthian order in the columns of both the inside and outside of the church. This is a true enough detail of Lombard forms as it was of the Roman style, which in turn was borrowed from the Greeks. In later times the neo-cla.s.sical details of the late Renaissance period produced quite a different effect, and were in no way comparable to the use of this detail in the Lombard and Romanesque churches.
In St. Apollinaire, too, are to be remarked the unusual arch formed of a rounded trefoil. This is found in both the towers, and is also seen in St. Maurice at Vienne, but not again until the country far to the northward and eastward is reached, where they are more frequent, therefore their use here may be considered simply as an interpolation brought from some other soil, rather than an original conception of the local builder.
Here also is seen the unusual combination of an angular pointed arch in conjunction with the round-headed Lombard variety. This, in alternation for a considerable s.p.a.ce, on the south side of the cathedral. It is a feature perhaps not worth mentioning, except from the fact that both the trefoil and wedge-pointed arch are singularly unbeautiful and little in keeping with an otherwise purely southern structure.
The aisles of St. Apollinaire, like those of Notre Dame de la Grande at Poitiers, and many other Lombardic churches, are singularly narrow, which of course appears to lengthen them out interminably.
If any distinctive style can be given this small but interesting cathedral, it may well be called the style of Lyonnaise.
It dates from the twelfth century as to its foundations, but was rebuilt on practically a new ground-plan in 1604.
To-day it is cruciform after the late elongated style, with lengthy transepts and lofty aisles.
The chief feature to be observed of its exterior is its heavy square tower (187 feet) of four stories. It is not beautiful, and was rebuilt in the middle nineteenth century, but it is imposing and groups satisfactorily enough with the _ensemble_ round about. Beneath this tower is a fine porch worked in Crussol marble.
There is no triforium or clerestory. In the choir is a cenotaph in white marble to Pius VI., who was exiled in Valence, and who died here in 1799. It is surmounted by a bust by Canova, whose work it has become the fashion to admire sedulously.
VII
CATHeDRALE DE VIVIERS
The bishopric of Viviers is a suffragan of Avignon, and is possessed of a tiny cathedral church, which, in spite of its diminutive proportions, overtops quite all the other buildings of this ancient capital of the Vivarais.
The city is a most picturesque setting for any shrine, with the narrow, tortuous streets--though slummy ones--winding to the cliff-top on which the city sits high above the waters of the Rhone.
The choir of this cathedral is the only portion which warrants remark.
It is of the fourteenth century, and has no aisles. It is in the accepted Gothic style, but this again is coerced by the Romanesque flanking tower, which, to all intents and purposes, when viewed from afar, might well be taken for a later Renaissance work.
A nearer view dissects this tower into really beautiful parts. The base is square, but above--in an addition of the fifteenth century--it blooms forth into an octagon of quite original proportions.
In the choir are some Gobelin tapestries and paintings by Mignard; otherwise there are no artistic attributes to be remarked.
VIII
NOTRE DAME D"ORANGE
The independent princ.i.p.ality of Orange (which had existed since the eleventh century), with the papal State of Avignon, the tiny Comte Venaissin, and a small part of Provence were welded into the Department of Vaucluse in the redistribution of political divisions under Napoleon I. The house of Na.s.sau retains to-day the honorary t.i.tle of Princes of Orange, borne by the heir apparent to the throne of Holland. More anciently the city was known as the Roman _Arausio_, and is yet famous for its remarkable Roman remains, the chief of which are its triumphal arch and theatre--one of the largest and most magnificent, if not actually the largest, of its era.
The history of the church at Orange is far more interesting and notable than that of its rather lame apology for a cathedral of rank. The see succ.u.mbed in 1790 in favour of Avignon, an archbishopric, and Valence, one of its suffragans.
The persecution and oppression of the Protestants of Orange and Dauphine are well-recorded facts of history.
A supposedly liberal and tolerant maker of guide-books (in English) has given inhabitants of Orange a hard reputation by cla.s.sing them as a "ferocious people." This rather unfair method of estimating their latter-day characteristics is based upon the fact that over three hundred perished here by the guillotine during the first three months of the Revolution. It were better had he told us something of the architectural treasures of this _ville de l"art celebre_. He does mention the chief, also that "the town has many mosquitoes," but, as for churches, he says not a word.
The first bishop was St. Luce, who was settled here in the fourth century, at the same time that St. Ruff came to Avignon.
As a bishopric, Orange was under the control of St. Trophime"s successors at Arles.
Notre Dame d"Orange is a work of little architectural pretence, though its antiquity is great as to certain portions of its walls. The oldest portion dates from 1085, though there is little to distinguish it from the more modern additions and reparations, and is in no way suggestive of the splendour with which the ancient Roman theatre and arch were endowed.
The chief attribute to be remarked is the extreme width of nave, which dates from 1085 to 1126. The cathedral itself, however, is not an architectural example of any appealing interest whatever, and pales utterly before the magnificent and splendid preservations of secular Roman times.
Since, however, Orange is a city reminiscent of so early a period of Christianity as the fourth century, it is to be presumed that other Christian edifices of note may have at one time existed: if so, no very vivid history of them appears to have been left behind, and certainly no such tangible expressions of the art of church-building as are seen in the neighbouring cities of the Rhone valley.
[Ill.u.s.tration]
IX
ST. VeRAN DE CAVAILLON