the difference representing the profit per ton, less the cost of manufacture.
4. The minimum size of a plantation, on which economical application of oil and fiber preparing machinery could be made, is 60 hectares.
5. There is no other horticultural tropical product which may be grown in these Islands where crop a.s.surance may be so nearly guaranteed, or natural conditions so nearly controlled by the planter who, knowing correct principles, has the facilities for applying them.
6. The natural enemies and diseases of the plant are relatively few, easily held in check by vigilance and the exercise of competent business management.
7. The labor situation is bound more seriously to affect the small planter, wholly dependent upon hand labor, than the estate conducted on a large enough scale to justify the employment of modern machinery.
8. In view of an ever-expanding demand for cocoanut products, and in the light of the foregoing conclusions, the industry, when prosecuted upon a considerable scale and subject to the requirements previously set forth, promises for many years to be one of the most profitable and desirable enterprises which command the attention of the Filipino planter.
The greatest mine of horticultural wealth which is open to the shrewd planter lies in the heaps of waste and neglected husks that he can now procure from adjoining estates for the asking and cartage.
With labor at 1 peso per diem and at the present price of potash and phosphoric acid, all the husks in excess of 300 per diem which could be hauled would be clear profit. The ashes of these, when burned and applied to the old grove, would have an immediate and revivifying influence.
Many trees in an old plantation have ceased to bear. Whether this is due to exhaustion from old age or from soil exhaustion is immaterial; each should be eradicated and the time-honored custom of replanting a fresh tree in its place abandoned. These renewals are difficult enough in any fruit or nut orchard where the scientific cultural conditions have been of the best. Renewals in a cocoanut grove, unless the vacant s.p.a.ce is abnormally large and can be subjected to some years of soil improvement, are unprofitable.
There is a wide range of opinion as to the bearing life of a cocoanut tree. It is said to vary from thirty to one hundred and thirty years. Grown more than forty, or possibly fifty years old, the writer would hesitate to undertake the improvement or renewal of the grove.
Palms, unlike exogenous trees, afford no evidence by which their age may be determined. In general, with advanced years, come great height and great attenuation. In the open, and where fully exposed to atmospheric influences, these form an approximate criterion of age. The so-called annular scars, marking the earlier attachments of leaves, furnish no clue to age.
NOTES
[1] "The Prince of Palms," Treloar.
[2] The cocoanut palm has been reared as far north as Indian River, Florida, lat.i.tude 28 N., but has not proven a profitable commercial venture.
[3] Quoted in "Watts"s Dict.," II, 456.
[4] Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 1902.
[5] Throughout this paper the writer uses this word in preference to "fertilizing" even when speaking of so-called "commercial fertilizers."
[6] Farmers" Bulletin 114, United States Department of Agriculture.
[7] Conn. Exp. Sta. Rep. 1897, Part II.
[8] Ag. Bull. Fed. Malay States, February, 1903.