If there were many men like Dr. Paley in our American churches to-day, preaching the truth in that fearless fashion, there would be something like a revolution, Jonathan. The churches would no longer be empty almost; preachers would not be wondering why workingmen don"t go to church. There would probably be less show and pride in the churches; less preachers paid big salaries, less fashionable choirs. But the churches would be much nearer to the spirit and standard of Jesus than most of them are to-day. There is nothing in connection with modern religious life quite so glaring as the infidelity of the Christian ministry to the teachings of Christ.
A lady once addressed Thomas Carlyle concerning Jesus in this fashion: "How delighted we should all be to throw open our doors to him and listen to his divine precepts! Don"t you think so, Mr. Carlyle?" The bluff old puritan sage answered: "No, madam, I don"t. I think if he had come fashionably dressed, with plenty of money, and preaching doctrines palatable to the higher orders, I might have had the honor of receiving from you a card of invitation, on the back of which would be written, "To meet our Saviour." But if he came uttering his sublime precepts, and denouncing the pharisees, and a.s.sociating with publicans and the lower orders, as he did, you would have treated him as the Jews did, and cried out, "Take him to Newgate and hang him.""
I sometimes wonder, Jonathan, what really _would_ happen if the Carpenter-preacher of Gallilee could and did visit some of our American churches. Would he be able to stand the vulgar show? Would he be able to listen in silence to the miserable perversion of his teachings by hired apologists of social wrong? Would he want to drive out the moneychangers and the Masters of Bread, to hurl at them his terrible thunderbolts of wrath and scorn? Would he be welcomed by the churches bearing his name? Would they want to listen to his gospel?
Frankly, Jonathan, I doubt it. A few Socialists would be found in nearly every church ready to receive him and to call him "Comrade,"
but the majority of church-goers would shun him and pa.s.s him by.
I should not be surprised, Jonathan, if the President of the United States called him an "undesirable citizen," as he surely would call Archdeacon Paley if he were alive.
I wanted you to read Paley"s ill.u.s.tration of the pigeons before going into the unequal distribution of wealth. It will help you to understand another ill.u.s.tration. Suppose that from a shipwreck one hundred men are fortunate enough to save themselves and to make their way to an island, where, making the best of conditions, they establish a little community, which they elect to call "Capitalia." Luckily, they have all got food and clothing enough to last them for a little while, and they are fortunate enough to find on the island a supply of tools, evidently abandoned by some former occupants of the island.
They set to work, cultivating the ground, building huts for themselves, hunting for game, and so on. They start out to face the primeval struggle with the sullen forces of Nature as our ancestors did in the time long past. Their efforts prosper, every one of the hundred men being a worker, every man working with equal will, equal strength and vigor. Now, then, suppose that one day, they decide to divide up the wealth produced by their labor, to inst.i.tute individual property in place of common property, compet.i.tion in place of co-operation. What would you think if two or three of the strongest members said, "We will do the dividing, we will distribute the wealth according to our ideas of justice and right," and then proceeded to give 55 per cent. of the wealth to one man, to the next eleven men 32 per cent. and to the remaining eighty-eight men only 13 per cent.
between them?
I will put it in another way, Jonathan, since you are not accustomed to thinking in percentages. Suppose that there were a hundred cows to be divided among the members of the community. According to the scheme of division just described, this is how the division would work out:
1 Man would get 55 Cows for himself 11 Men would get 32 Cows among them 88 Men would get 13 Cows among them
When they had divided the cows in this manner they would proceed to divide the wheat, the potato crops, the land, and everything else owned by the community in the same unequal way. I ask you again, Jonathan, what would you think of such a division?
Of course, being a fair-minded man, endowed with ordinary intelligence at least, you will admit that there would be no sense and no justice in such a plan of division, and you doubt if intelligent human beings would submit to it. But, my friend, that is not quite so bad as the distribution of wealth in America to-day is. Suppose that instead of all the members of the little island community being workers, all working equally hard, fairly sharing the work of the community, one man absolutely refused to do anything at all, saying, "I was the first one to get ash.o.r.e. The land really belongs to me. I am the landlord. I won"t work, but you must work for me." And suppose that eleven other men said in like manner. "We won"t work. We found the tools, we brought the seeds and the food out of the boats when we came. We are the capitalists and you must do the work in the fields. We will superintend you, give you orders where to dig, and when, and where to stop. You eighty-eight common fellows are the laborers who must do the hard work while we use our brains." And suppose that they actually carried out that plan and _then_ divided the wealth in the way I have described, that would be a pretty good ill.u.s.tration of how the wealth produced in America under our existing social system is divided.
_And I ask you what you think of that, Jonathan Edwards. How do you like it?_
These are not my figures. They are not the figures of any rabid Socialist making frenzied guesses. They are taken from a book called _The Present Distribution of Wealth in the United States_, by the late Dr. Charles B. Spahr, a book that is used in most of our colleges and universities. No serious criticism of the figures has ever been attempted and most economists, even the conservative ones, base their own estimates upon Spahr"s work. It would be worth your while to get the book from the library, Jonathan, and to read it carefully.
In the meantime, look over the following table which sets forth the results of Dr. Spahr"s investigation, Jonathan, and remember that the condition of things has not improved since 1895, when the book was written, but that they have, on the contrary, very much worsened.
SPAHR"S TABLE OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES
==========+============+=======+==========+=================+======= | No. of | Per | Average | Aggregate | Per Cla.s.s | Families | Cent | Wealth | Wealth | Cent ----------+------------+-------+----------+-----------------+------- Rich | 125,000 | 1.0 | $263,040 | 32,880,000,000 | 54.8 Middle | 1,362,500 | 10.9 | 14,180 | 29,320,000,000 | 32.2 Poor | 4,762,500 | 38.1 | 1,639 | 7,800,000,000 | 13.0 Very Poor | 6,250,000 | 50.0 | | | ----------+------------+-------+----------+-----------------+------- Total | 13,500,000 | 100.0 | $4,800 | $60,000,000,000 | 100.0 ----------+------------+-------+----------+-----------------+-------
Now, Jonathan, although I have taken a good deal of trouble to lay these figures before you, I really don"t care very much for them.
Statistics don"t impress me as they do some people, and I would far rather rely upon your commonsense than upon any figures. I have not quoted these figures because they were published by a very able scholar in a very wise book, nor because scientific men, professors of political economy and others, have accepted them as a fair estimate. I have used them because I believe them to be _true and reliable_.
But don"t you rest your whole faith upon them, Jonathan. If some fine day a Republican spellbinder, or a Democratic scribbler, tries to upset you and prove that Socialists are all liars and false prophets, just tell him the figures are quite unimportant to you, that you don"t care to know just exactly how much of the wealth the richest one per cent. gets and how little of it the poorest fifty per cent. gets. A few millions more or less don"t trouble you. Pin him down to the one fact which your own commonsense teaches you, that the wealth of the country _is_ unequally distributed. Tell him that you _know_, regardless of figures, that there are many idlers who are enormously rich and many honest, industrious workers who are miserably poor. He won"t be able to deny these things. He _dare_ not, because they are _true_.
Ask any such apologist for capitalism what he would think of the father or mother who took his or her eight children and said: "Here are eight cakes, as many cakes as there are boys and girls. I am going to distribute the cakes. Here, Walter, are seven of the cakes for you.
The other cake the rest of you can divide among yourselves as best you can." If the capitalist defender is a fair-minded man, if he is neither fool nor liar nor monster, he will agree that such a parent would be brutally unjust.
Yet, Jonathan, that is exactly how our national wealth is divided up.
One-eighth of the families in the United States do get seven-eights of the wealth, and, being, I hope, neither fool, liar nor monster, I denounce the system as brutally unjust. There is no sense and no morality in mincing matters and being afraid to call spades spades.
It is because of this unjust distribution of the wealth of modern society that we have so much social unrest. That is the heart of the whole problem. Why are workingmen organized into unions to fight the capitalists, and the capitalists on their side organized to fight the workers? Why, simply because the capitalists want to continue exploiting the workers, to exploit them still more if possible, while the workers want to be exploited less, want to get more of what they produce.
Why is it that eminently respectable members of society combine to bribe legislators--_to buy laws from the lawmakers!_--and to corrupt the republic, a form of treason worse than Benedict Arnold"s? Why, for the same reason: they want to continue the spoliation of the people.
That is why the heads of a great life insurance company illegally used the funds belonging to widows and orphans to contribute to the campaign fund of the Republican Party in 1904. That is why, also, Mr.
Belmont used the funds of the traction company of which he is president to support the Civic Federation, which is an organization specially designed to fool and mislead the wage-earners of America.
That is why every investigation of American political or business life that is honestly made by able and fearless men reveals so much chicanery and fraud.
You belong to a union, Jonathan, because you want to put a check upon the greed of the employers. But you never can expect through the union to get all that rightfully belongs to you. It is impossible to expect that the union will ever do away with the terrible inequalities in the distribution of wealth. The union is a good thing, and the workers ought to be much more thoroughly organized into unions than they are.
Socialists are always on the side of the union when it is engaged in an honest fight against the exploiters of labor.
Later on, I shall take up the question of unionism and discuss it with you, Jonathan. Meanwhile, I want to impress upon your mind that _a wise union man votes as he strikes_. There is not the least bit of sense in belonging to a union if you are to become a "scab" when you go to the ballot-box. _And a vote for a capitalist party is a scab vote, Jonathan._
FOOTNOTES:
[2] Note: In the American edition, published by Kerr, the page is 186.
V
THE DRONES AND THE BEES
Hitherto it is questionable if all the mechanical inventions yet made have lightened the day"s toil of any human being.
They have enabled a greater population to live the same life of drudgery and imprisonment, and an increased number of manufactures, and others, to make large fortunes.--_John Stuart Mill._
Most people imagine that the rich are in heaven, but as a rule it is only a gilded h.e.l.l. There is not a man in the city of New York with brains enough to own five millions of dollars.
Why? The money will own him. He becomes the key to a safe.
That money will get him up at daylight; that money will separate him from his friends; that money will fill his heart with fear; that money will rob his days of sunshine and his nights of pleasant dreams. He becomes the property of that money. And he goes right on making more. What for? He does not know. It becomes a kind of insanity.--_R.G. Ingersoll._
Is it well that, while we range with Science, glorying in the time, City children soak and blacken soul and sense in City slime?
There, among the gloomy alleys, Progress halts on palsied feet, Crime and Hunger cast our maidens by the thousand on the street.
There the master scrimps his haggard seamstress of her daily bread, There a single sordid attic holds the living and the dead; There the smouldering fire of fever creeps across the rotted floor, In the crowded couch of incest, in the warrens of the poor.
--_Tennyson._
When you and I were boys going to school, friend Jonathan, we were constantly admonished to study with admiration the social economy of the bees. We learned to almost reverence the little winged creatures for the manner in which they
Improve each shining hour, And gather honey all the day From every opening flower.
We were taught, you remember, to honor the bees for their hatred of drones. It was the great virtue of the bees that they always drove the drones from the hive. For my part, I learned the lesson so well that I really became a sort of bee-worshipper. But since I have grown to mature years I have come to the conclusion that those old lessons were not honestly meant, Jonathan. For if anybody proposes to-day that we should drive out the drones from the _human_ hive, he is at once denounced as an Anarchist and an "undesirable citizen."
It is all very well for bees to insist that there must be no idle parasites, that the drones must go, but for human beings such a policy won"t do! It savors too much of Socialism, my friend, and is unpleasantly like Paul"s foolish saying that "If any man among you will not work, neither shall he eat." That is a text which is out of date and unsuited to the twentieth century!
"Allah! Allah!" cried the stranger, "Wondrous sights the traveller sees; But the greatest is the latest, Where the drones control the bees!"
Every modern civilized nation rewards its drones better than it rewards its bees, and in every land the drones control the bees.
I want you to consider, friend Jonathan, the lives of the people. How the workers live and how the shirkers live; now the bees live and how the drones live, if you like that better. You can study the matter for yourself, right in Pittsburg, much better than you can from books, for G.o.d knows that in Pittsburg there are the extremes of wealth and poverty, just as there are in New York, Chicago, St. Louis or San Francisco. There are gilded h.e.l.ls where rich drones live and squalid h.e.l.ls where poor bees live, and the number of truly happy people is sadly, terribly, small.
_Ten millions in poverty!_ Don"t you think that is a cry so terrible that it ought to shame a great nation like this, a nation more bounteously endowed by Nature than any other nation in the world"s history? Men, women and children, poor and miserable, with not enough to eat, nor clothes to keep them warm in the cold winter nights; with places for homes that are unfit for dogs, and these not their own; knowing not if to-morrow may bring upon them the last crushing blow.
All these conditions, and conditions infinitely worse than these, are contained in the poverty of those millions, Jonathan.
If people were poor because the land was poor, because the country was barren, because Nature dealt with us in n.i.g.g.ardly fashion, so that all men had to struggle against famine; if, in a word, there was democracy in our poverty, so that none were idle and rich while the rest toiled in poverty, it would be our supreme glory to bear it with cheerful courage. But that is not the case. While babies perish for want of food and care in dank and unhealthy hovels, there are pampered poodles in palaces, bejeweled and cared for by liveried flunkies and waiting maids. While men and women want bread, and beg crusts or stand shivering in the "bread lines" of our great cities, there are monkeys being banqueted at costly banquets by the profligate degenerates of riches. It"s all wrong, Jonathan, cruelly, shamefully, h.e.l.lishly wrong! And I for one, refuse to call such a brutalized system, or the nation tolerating it, _civilized_.